Compare And Contrast Japan And China Essay

China and Japan, both with thousand years of ancient culture and civilization history, share numerous similarities and differences. Confucianism is a collectivist based value system which embraces a set of moral codes of behavior designed to regulate the relationships between ruler and subject, father and son, friend and neighbor, husband and wife, and brother and brother. Even though both China and Japan employed Confucianism as the state ideology, there were many features of Confucianism in the two countries that shaped each country’s societies. China and Japan isolated themselves from the rest of the world in the beginning, but later on, the differences in response to the pressure from the West led them to different paths. This essay is going to compare and contrast two main differences between Japan and China, which include a cultural legacy known as Confucianism and the response to the West in 19th century. To begin with, Confucianism stresses particular social relationsh ips, but it is also a universal moral code, which makes it easy for the Japanese adoption. However, the Japanese transform it in their way and to a certain degree Confucian concepts are applied to relationships carrying a different meaning from those in China. At its most basic of culture, Chinese morality is founded on the family structure, with the most important social ties being that of parent and child and its blood-related family clans. The Japanese moral system is founded on a set of kinship relations that go beyond blood ties or extend to members who have no blood relationship, with the primary tie being that between leader and follower. Therefore, Japanese political culture is more group-oriented, more tribal, or more radical. Another example is the paired concepts of loyalty and filial piety that characterize the two cultures. These two values are related: both are the duties we owe to our superiors. Loyalty is our duty to our ruler, and filial piety is our duty to our parents. Both came into the Japanese culture as part of the Confucian influence, but they are treated differently in China and Japan. In China, â€Å"filial piety or reverence for parents is the most important of these  relationships and the one that binds the Confucian moral system together. Confucianists assume that if everyone internalizes such ‘family values,’ society will come into tune with heaven, and harmony, contentment, and prosperity will ensue as a matter of course† (Miller, John H). When there is a conflict between the two, our duty to our parents usually outweighs that to the ruler. In Japan, the Japanese do not acknowledge this tension or contradiction: one is a filial child only if one gives loyal service to one’s superior. Therefore, loyalty is expressed in unquestioning slave-like obedience and implies total selfless devotion to one’s lord. In other words, loyalty in the Japanese culture usually take precedence over filial piety. In addition, harmony, rather than competition, is one of the core Confucian ideas and the concept that helps to shape both Chinese and Japanese political cultures. Both China and Japan are highly â€Å"collectivistic† societies under the Confucian influence, in which each person is born and melt into a collective entity either family, clan, group, society, or state, each person knows his or her status and identity in relation to others in social relations, and each person is required to conform to the collective values. However, in Japan, more emphasis is placed on group orientation and loyalty to the group, for it is the group that gives one a social identity, provides a feeling of security, and receives the rewards of service. Not only the household and the village but also colleagues, fellow students, neighbors, and even industrial sectors constitute the important groups from which one acquires social status and identity. The Second Imperialism of the 19th century, driven by both America and Western Europe profoundly affected Africa and Asia. In Asia, both Japan and China were impacted, but in very different ways. Japan was able to ward off the threats of imperialism, and emerge as a world power. China, on the other hand, suffered the loss of sovereignty and status. The elites of both countries responded to the challenges posed by Western penetration by initiating reforms. In Japan, the Meiji regime chose to remake themselves entirely through Westernization, while in China, the Qing government chose instead to hold on to traditional Chinese values and institutions. China’s efforts at reform, the Self-Strengthening Movements, was in essential traditional answers to traditional problems. There was no significant, large-scale industrialization in China, and they displayed  little willingness to abandon traditional imperial institutions that were incapable to dealing with contemporary problems. Chinese cultural pride was just too deeply ingrained, so much so that it became an impediment, blinding many Chinese and preventing them from recognizing the need to learn from the barbarians and for fundamental change. On the other hand, Japanese efforts to adopt foreign technology to meet their military and industrial needs were largely successful. The Meiji regime, however, saw that military technology and industrialization could not be separated from institutional structures that had produced and accompanied such developments in the West, and showed little hesitation in transforming or abolishing traditional institutions in favor of those that could give Japan the modernity it needed to survive. Overall, the Meiji Restoration was a tremendous success for the Japanese and allowed them to join the ranks of Western new imperial powers. Both nations pursued the goal of a â€Å"rich nation and strong army† as the way to modernization through the Self-Strengthening Movement in C hina and the Meiji Restoration in Japan. However, most of the reforms in the Self-Strengthening Movement belonged to the surface layer of modernization which included manufacturing technology of military and light and heavier industries, and certain infrastructures. The reforms in the Meiji Restoration not only replicated the material manufacturing technology, but also touched the inner and deeper parts of Western civilization that included political structures and legal systems, and Western types of philosophy, culture and ways of thinking. China and Japan, due to geographical proximity, historical, and cultural ties, have many similarities and differences. Confucianism played a very important part in both Chinese and Japanese, but their different understandings in many same concepts lead to different cultures and societies. In addition, during the nineteenth century, facing the pressure of the West, different responses changes the fate of China and Japan. Chinese responded to the Opium Wars and western intrusion through a combination of challenging the West, embracing traditional ways, challenging the Qing Dynasty, or seeking moderate reforms. Japan, though never conquered, responded to the intrusion of West quite differently. Rather than looking to the past, the Japanese sought to emulate the West. During the Meiji Restoration, Japan modernized. Japan sought to avoid China’s fate by adopting aspects of Western culture and faced a turning point in its history. Works Cited Miller, John H. â€Å"Belief Systems and Religions.† Modern East Asia: An Introductory History. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 2008. 19. Print.

Culture and Its Preservation

This section briefly identifies some of the major views of culture and its physical manifestations related to tourism, as well as the means that have been used to protect heritage environments. The UNESCO World Commission on Culture and Development report Our Creative Diversity looks at culture as â€Å"ways of living together. † With this as a point of departure, the World Bank defines culture as the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions, and beliefs. The above reflects the separation of culture and cultural heritage into both movable and immovable forms. This report focuses primarily on culture’s immovable forms, recognizing that the â€Å"cultural landscape† includes expressions of traditions and lifestyles that must be taken into consideration when looking at effective ways of safeguarding a community’s cultural heritage. Culture and cultural heritage are prominent resources in any society. Tangible heritage may be considered a material manifestation or symbol of cultural expression, either traditions of living society or those of past societies occupying the same area. Therefore, material heritage is pivotal for anyone wanting to gain a deeper understanding of the society. This applies to the local inhabitants as well as the visitor to a new or foreign society or environment. A great deal of the activity within cultural heritage preservation has been concerned with maintaining single buildings of architectural significance and connected with important events and people. Various actors have been involved in this process, including non-governmental organizations, all levels of government, and developers. Concerns with the limitations of identifying and protecting single buildings have led to laws and regulations that protect entire environments. This allowed the process to involve more people in heritage conservation, and it defined a past that included the ordinary as well as the most significant. Many countries maintain heritage sites for interpretation and education; these are often characterized by high levels of research and documentation, as well as government management. Steadily increasing demand for culture-oriented activities affects cultural heritage of interest at all levels, from world heritage belonging to international society or mankind in general to heritage of national, regional and local significance. Preservation issues and challenges vary accordingly. In many developing countries, the legal framework for protecting heritage is better than the management capacity. Surveying and monitoring systems for controlling the state of conservation of cultural heritage and taking the necessary precautions present great challenges. Throughout the world, festivals and events – often linked to or performed in areas with cultural relics or at sites of cultural and natural significance – are now seen as important dimension of cultural tourism. They play important roles in helping to maintain cultural traditions and values while providing communities with the ability to create jobs and income. Handicrafts often form an important dimension of a region's cultural tourism experience. Tourism can be important in helping to maintain and develop traditional craft skills, though there is also the risk that increased demand leads to a loss of authenticity in terms of process and product. The discussion of different forms also reflects that heritage, and conservation, can occur at different spatial scales, including that of a single artifact, a single building, a streetscape, an area, an entire historic town/city, a region/landscape, and even up to national and international scales. There are several reasons for public and private sector involvement in cultural heritage management (CHM), including: †¢ The recognition that heritage resources can play an important role in community continuity, renewal, and development. †¢ The increased quality of life associated with heritage resources. The role of heritage resources in creating and maintaining individual and community identity. †¢ The value of heritage resources in the education of children. †¢ The role that heritage resources can play in providing for pleasure/recreation opportunities. †¢ The role that heritage resources can play in economic revitalization and tourism development. The latter reason is the focus of the present report, but the non-tourism benefits are noted here to illustrate how the value of culture and cultural heritage goes beyond serving as tourism attractions.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access

CHAPTER – 1Introduction1.1 OverviewThe involvement for wireless communications disposals has developed gigantically. In malice of the fact that the agreement of 3rd coevals cellular model has been slower than was ab initio expected, scientists are now analyzing 4th coevals cellular systems. These models will convey at much higher rates than the echt 2G models, and even 3G models, in an of all time jammed frequence spectrum. The indispensable aim of next-generation radio systems ( 4G ) won’t merely be the familiarity of new inventions with spread the demand for higher information rates and new services, to boot the incorporation of bing progresss in a typical phase. The scheme of multi-carrier transmittal has late been having broad involvement, peculiarly for high informations rate broadcast applications. The cardinal points of multi-carrier transmittal are its strength in frequence selective attenuation channels and specifically, the reduced signal processing complexnes s by equalisation in the frequence sphere. Figure 1.1: Time variant multipath extension Signals in wireless communicating state of affairss are impaired by melting and multipath hold spread. This prompts a corruptness of the general executing of the model. Henceforth, a few techniques are accessible to relieve these damages and fulfill the expanding demands. Figure 1.1 demonstrates an illustration of clip variant multipath extension. A considerable step of involvement has been placed in transition techniques like Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM ) and Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA ) . Multiple entree strategies based on a combination of codification division and OFDM techniques have already proven to be strong campaigners for future 4G systems. A major outfall of the higher coevals radio systems is spectral efficiency. In this study, we concentrate on Multicarrier Code-Division Multiple Access ( MCCDMA ) , a fresh digital transition and multi entree strategy. It is a promising attack to the challenge of supplying high informations rate radio communicating. MC-CDMA combines the benefits of CDMA with the natural hardiness to frequency selectivity offered by OFDM. It can be interpreted as CDMA with the distributing taking topographic point in the frequence instead than temporal sphere. Multicarrier CDMA is merger of two different techniques:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM )Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )1.2 Communication SystemCommunication is a manner of conveying information, ’ Technology alterations, but communicating lasts’ ; the handiness of communicating engineerings has made a great impact on human lives. When we communicate, we are sharing information. This sharing can be local or distant. While distant communicating takes topographic point over a distance, the term â€Å"telecommunication† includes telephone and telecasting, means communicating at a distance ( tele is Grecian for â€Å"far† ) Telecommunications can therefore grouped into two -voice & A ; informations. Three cardinal faculties that comprise a full communicating channel: The Sender – A sender encodes the message in a linguistic communication that can be understood by the receiving system.The Receiver –decodes the message.The Medium – Air, Cu wires, optical fibre. These carry the message across from the transmitter to the receiving system. Figure 1.2: Communication system Telecommunication systems have now made it possible to pass on with virtually anyone at any clip. Early telegraph and telephone system used Cu wire to transport signals over the earth’ surface and across oceans and high frequence ( HF ) wireless, besides normally called shortwave wireless, made possible intercontinental telephone links. But now there is different types of communicating strategy. They are following:Telephone SystemCellular SystemsPacket Data SystemsSatellite SystemsMicrowave SystemsFiber Optic SystemsEvery communicating system has its ain frequence scope, system, capacity, application execution cost. On the footing of transmittal system there are two types of communicating systemWired communicating systemWireless communicating system1.2.1 Wireless CommunicationIt is the transportation of information over a distance without the usage of electrical music directors or â€Å"wires† The distances involved may be short agencies few metres as in telecasting remote control or long like 1000s or 1000000s of kilometres for wireless communications. When the scene is clear, the period is frequently shortened to â€Å"wireless† . Wireless communicating is by and large considered to be a subdivision of telecommunications. The term â€Å"wireless† has become a generic and across-the-board word used to depict communications in which electromagnetic moving ridges or RF ( instead than some signifier of wire ) carries a signal over portion or the full communicating way.1.2.2 Previous Work on Wireless SystemJagadish Chandra Bose has been credited with the innovation of the first radio sensing device and the find of millimetre length electromagnetic moving ridges. David E. Hughes, eight old ages before Hertz’s investigates, induced electromagnetic moving ridges in a signaling system. Hughes base on balls on Morse codification by an initiation device. In 1878, Hughes’s initiation transmittal strategy utilized a â€Å"clockwork transmitter† to convey signals. In 1885, T. A. Edison used a vibrator magnet for initiation transmittal. In 1888, Edison set up a theoretical account of signaling on the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In the history of radio engineering, the presentation of the theory of electromagnetic moving ridges by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1888 was of import. The theories of electromagnetic moving ridges were predicted from the research of James Clerk Maxwell and Michael Faraday. Hertz established that electromagnetic moving ridges could be transmitted and caused to go through infinite in consecutive lines and that they were able to be received by an investigational tool. The research was non followed up by Hertz. The applied utilizations of the radio communicating and remote control engineering were implemented by Nikola Tesla.1.3 Drawbacks of Communication SystemCommunication system has some restriction. Bandwidth and Noise restriction is portion of the communicating system. Bandwidth is merely a step of frequence scope. It is easy to see that the bandwidth we define here is closely related to the sum of informations you can convey within it, therefore the more infinite in the frequence spectrum, the more informations you can suit in at a given minute. In a communications system deficiency of bandwidth means deficiency of throughput of apprehensible informations. So that Bandwidth restriction means curtailing the measure of information transmitted from transmitter to receiver each 2nd. The consequences of which are the debasement in the quality of information arrives. Noise will besides impact intelligibility. In an electronic device such as an operational amplifier so there is such a thing known as a addition bandwidth merchandise, in other words how fast can the end product respondent to the input and how much crud ( noise ) is added in the procedure. Thermal noise is besides a topic and Boltzmann’s changeless K finds its manner into the figure of equations. The noise is so important, a assortment of steps have been developed to quantify the consequence of noise in a communications system There is another restriction of communicating is melting. Fading is the fluctuation happened in standard signal strength at the receiving system that is, any arbitrary divergence in the standard signal can be named as attenuation. However the microwave signal travel in the medium due to different parametric quantities there is a decrease in signal strength.1.4 Multiple Access MethodsA limited sum of bandwidth is allocated for radio services. A wireless t heoretical account is compulsory to suit as many users as possible by efficaciously apportion the bandwidth. Therefore, in the field of communications, the word multiple entree could be chiseled as a manner of leting multiple users to concurrently administer the finite bandwidth with smallest likely debasement in the public presentation of the system. There are a figure of methods demoing how the multiple accessing can be attained. There are four basic strategies:Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) .Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) .Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )Space Division Multiple Access ( SDMA )These techniques can be grouped as wideband and narrowband systems, subjected to how the available bandwidth is allocated to the users. The duplexing method of a multiple entree system is normally described along with the peculiar multiple entree system, as shown in the cases that follow. Narrowband Systems:The term narrowband is used to associate the bandwidth of a individual channel to the expected coherency bandwidth of the channel. In a narrowband multiple entree strategy, the unfilled wireless spectrum is separated into a big figure of narrowband channels. The channels are by and large operated utilizing FDD. To diminish intervention between contrary and frontward links on each channel, the frequence separation is made every bit great as possible within the frequence spectrum, while still allowing low-priced duplexers and a common transceiver aerial to be used in each subscriber terminal. Wideband Systems:In wideband theoretical accounts, transmittal bandwidth of a individual channel is much larger than the coherency bandwidth of the channel. Therefore, multi-path attenuation does non greatly vary the standard signal power within a wideband channel and the frequence selective slices go on in merely a little fraction of the signal bandwidth at any juncture of clip. In wideband multiple entree theoretical accounts a big figure of senders are allowed to convey on the same channel.1.5 Requirement of MC-CDMAThree major multiple entree strategies exist: frequence division multiple entree ( FDMA ) , clip division multiple entree ( TDMA ) and code division multiple entree ( CDMA ) [ 1 ] . In the undermentioned subdivisions, the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques will be studied, and the necessity for multicarrier codification division entree ( MC-CDMA ) will be discussed.1.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access ( FDMA ) Figure 1.3: Frequency division multiple entree ( FDMA ) [ 1 ] Frequency division multiple entree ( FDMA ) was the first multiple entree technique, developed in the early 1900s [ 2 ] . With FDMA, the entire frequence bandwidth is divided into frequence channels that are assigned to each user for good, ensuing in multiple user signals that are both spectrally separated and at the same time transmitted and received. This has been diagrammatically signified in Figure 1.3. The FDMA systems require a comparatively simple algorithm and execution compared to TDMA and CDMA [ 1 ] , but there are several drawbacks. First, due to the lasting assignment of FDMA channels, fresh channels can non be utilized by other clients, the effect of which is the abuse of the communicating resources. Second, nonlinearities in the power amplifier can do signal spreading in the frequence sphere, doing inter-channel intervention ( ICI ) in other FDMA channels. Finally, the capacity of an FDMA system is limited by Thursday vitamin E figure of channels available.1.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access ( TDMA ) Figure 1.4: Time division multiple entree ( TDMA ) [ 1 ] Time division multiple entree ( TDMA ) has been developed with a similar thought to FDMA, but with TDMA, multiple user signals are separated in the clip sphere instead than the frequence sphere. Figure 1.4 shows a TDMA system with the transmittal clip divided into a figure of cyclically reiterating clip slots that can be assigned to single users, leting all users entree to all of the available bandwidth. Compared to FDMA systems, TDMA systems offer more flexibleness in the assignment of clip slots whereby different Numberss of clip slots can be allocated to different users depending on the service needed. In add-on, because TDMA users can convey signals merely in their ain clip slots, the transmittal of TDMA signal is noncontiguous and occurs in explosions, ensuing in less battery power ingestion. But, the TDMA signal needs a big synchronism operating expense due to its non-continuous transmittal. Inter-symbol intervention ( ISI ) , caused by multipath extension, is besides a serious bug for TDMA, particularly durin g high informations rate transmittals.1.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access ( CDMA )In the last 10 old ages, codification division multiple entree ( CDMA ) has been developed to get the better of the disadvantages of other multiple entree techniques such as TDMA and FDMA [ 3 ] . Figure 1.5: Code division multiple entree ( CDMA ) [ 1 ] Figure 1.5 demonstrates multiple CDMA user signals that are separated by distributing sequences. In specific, all user signal is spread utilizing a pseudorandom sequence which is extraneous to the sequence of other users. As a consequence, merely the intended user-receiver can despread and have the information right ; other users on the system perceive the signal as noise, ensuing in multiple user signals that can be transmitted within the same bandwidth at the same time. The chief advantage with CDMA is that the system capacity is limited merely by the sum of intervention ; with a lower degree of intervention the system can back up a higher figure of users [ 1 ] . CDMA systems are besides robust to narrow set jamming as the receiver signal can distribute the jamming signal’s energy over the full bandwidth doing it undistinguished in comparing to the signal itself [ 2 ] . If the spreading sequence is absolutely extraneous, it is possible to convey multiple CDMA signals without presenting multiple entree intervention ( MAI ) during synchronal transmittal [ 3 ] Assorted types of CDMA such as direct-sequence CDMA ( DS-CDMA ) and wideband CDMA ( W-CDMA ) , have been utilised and advanced in both 2G and 3G systems similar to CDMA One ( IS-95 ) , UMTS and CDMA2000 [ 4 ] . These techniques are considered to be single-carrier CDMA systems. Unfortunately when traveling into the 4th coevals of wireless communicating systems ( 4G ) , in which information is transmitted at a rate every bit high as 1 Giga bits-per-second ( bits per second ) [ 5 ] , single-carrier CDMA theoretical accounts are non appropriate. This is for the grounds as fallowWith high informations rates the symbol continuance will go sawed-off, ensuing in the channel hold spread transcending the symbol continuance doing ISI [ 6 ] .When informations rate goes beyond a 100 Mega bits per second, it turn out to be a hard undertaking to synchronise, as the information is sequenced at high velocities [ 7 ] .Because of the multipath extension, signal energy is distributed in the clip sphere: in single-carrier CDMA systems such as DS-CDMA, RAKE receiving systems are frequently used to unite the multipath signals. However, non all waies of signals can be successfully received. If the figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system is less than the figure of resolvable waies, some of the standard signal energy can non be combined, therefore a part of the signal energy is lost [ 8 ] . But if the figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system is more than the figure of resolvable waies, noise will be improved.Therefore an Orthodox single-carrier CDMA such as DS-CDMA is non practical for 4G systems where a high information rate is required.1.5.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ( OFDM )Orthogonal frequence division multiplexing ( OFDM ) proposed in [ 9 ] has the ability to back up higher information rate transmittal. When utilizing OFDM, the channel bandwidth is divided into a figure of equal bandwidth bomber channels, with each bomber channel using a subcarrier to convey a information symbol. The frequence separation of next subcarriers is chosen to be the opposite of the symbol continuance, ensuing in all the subcarriers being extraneous to one another over one symbol interval. Therefore, OFDM method can convey a immense figure of different informations symbols over multiple subcarriers at the same time, enabling this technique to back up a higher information rate transmittal. In add-on the bandwidth of each bomber channel is designed to be so narrow that the frequence features of each bomber channel are changeless, creative activity OFDM signals healthy to frequency selective attenuation [ 10 ] . The other advantage of OFDM is that the signal can be easy and expeditiously modulated and demodulated utilizing fast Fourier transform ( FFT ) devices [ 11 ] . As FFT can be easy implemented, the receiving system complexness does non increase well while transmittal rate can be mostly increased. Despite all these advantages, OFDM still has some drawbacks due to its execution of multicarrier transition. OFDM suffers a high peak-to-average power ratio that occurs when all the signals in the subcarriers are added constructively [ 12, 13 ] . This consequences in the impregnation of the power elaboration at the sender, triping inter-modulation deformation. OFDM is really sensitive to frequency offset, as the graph of the subcarriers is overlapping [ 14, 15 ] . Any frequence offset can do to ICI, which put forward that OFDM requires a high grade of synchronism of subcarriers. Besides, the conventional OFDM systems can back up merely a individual client, demanding the demand for multicarrier codification divi Zion multiple entree ( MC-CDMA ) .1.5.5 Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access ( MC-CDMA )Based on the combination of OFDM and DS-CDMA, a multicarrier codification division multiple entree ( MC-CDMA ) is proposed [ 16 ] . Unlike DS-CDMA, which spreads the original informat ion watercourse into the clip sphere, MC-CDMA spreads the original information watercourse into the frequence sphere by ab initio change overing the input informations watercourse from consecutive to parallel so multiplying this watercourse by the distributing french friess in different OFDM subcarriers, the consequence of which is MC-CDMA signal which takes on the advantages of both DS-CDMA and OFDM. The advantages of MC-CDMA are:The capacity is interference limited [ 17 ] and any techniques that cut down intervention are capable of increasing the capacity of MC-CDMA.The signal is robust to frequency selective attenuation and can back up high informations rate transmittal.Bandwidth is used more expeditiously as the spectra of subcarrier convergence [ 18 ] .Since the standard signal is combined in the frequence sphere, an MC-CDMA receiving system can use all the standard signal energy scattered in the frequence sphere [ 19 ] . This is a important advantage over DS-CDMA, where portio n of the signal energy can be lost due to deficient figure of fingers in the RAKE receiving system.The sender and receiving system signals can be implemented utilizing FFT, which does non increase the grade of complexness.1.6 ObjectiveThe chief aim of this thesis is to develop an attack to minimise the consequence of multipath attenuation in Rayleigh attenuation environment utilizing Multicarrier CDMA ( MC-CDMA ) with RAKE receiving system and different uniting strategies viz ; Equal Gain Combining ( EGC ) , Maximal Ratio Combining ( MRC ) , Zero-Forcing ( Z-F ) and Minimal Mean Square Error ( MMSE ) Equalization.1.7 Outline Of DissertationChapter-1 Introduction: This chapter is divided in six parts ; overview, communicating system, drawbacks of communicating system, multiple entree methods, demand of MC-CDMA, and eventually nonsubjective is explained. Chapter-2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: This chapter gives a elaborate account about overview of OFDM, guard interval, perpendicularity, mathematical analysis of OFDM and fourier transform. Chapter-3 Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access: This chapter gives elaborate information about overview of multi-carrier transition, channel synchronism and appraisal in multi-carrier systems, overview of CDMA, rudimentss of MC-CDMA and channel theoretical accounts. Chapter-4 Literature Review: This chapter gives elaborate information about old work on Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access. It besides elaborate the job definition sing the research work. Chapter-5Proposed Methodology: This chapter explains the proposed methodological analysis which is used in this undertaking. Chapter-6Simulation Consequence: This chapter shows the simulation consequences of the proposed work. Chapter-7Conclusion and Future Scope: This chapter summarizes the parts of the thesis. 1

Human Rights and Same-Sex Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Rights and Same-Sex Marriage - Essay Example Those who argue that same-sex marriages should be considered a civil right and should be treated just like any heterosexual monogamous marriage are doing so based on the principle of the Equal Protection Clause. This is, however, a flawed argument. It is absolutely wrong to consider that one’s constitutional rights ensure equal treatment in the area of marriage. One must understand with regard to equal treatment, the Constitution does not make reference to social relationships such as families, marriages, friendships, and the like (McVeigh and Maria-Elena 899). Two friends, who decide to consider their relationship a marriage, cannot go to the courts and demand equal protection rights just because they decided to consider their friendship a marriage. To do so is tantamount to saying that just because some people at a certain sports event pray together before the start of the event; courts are required under the equal protection law to allow these sports event goers to redefine the event as a religious ceremony. The government, as an example, recognizes a relationship between two contracting parties, one of whom agrees to mow the other’s lawn. However, the law governing the contracts does not define beforehand what kinds of contracts can be drawn. The law, instead, merely makes clear how binding a consensual contract is, and what legal obligations both agreeing parties have in fulfilling the contract

Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation - Essay Example There are some published works concerning the influence of roughness and moisture properties of the substrate surface on the bond strength with added layer. But, most works concentrate only on one characteristic of roughness or moisture or test method etc., at one time. Further, roughness is assessed only qualitatively, by observing the substrate surface and by classifying it as very smooth, smooth, rough. In the Eurocode 2 (Eurocode 2, 2003) it is stated that for shear at interface between concrete cast at different times, "in the absence of more detailed information, surfaces may be classified as very smooth, smooth, rough or indented". This kind of roughness evaluation has disadvantage due to subjective results. Thus, this dissertation aims to carry out an experimental study for evaluating the effect of different surface conditions on the bond between two concretes and to compare the effects of different roughness conditions relative to quantified roughness parameters. It is antic ipated that with this study, a suitable condition for substrate surface for optimum bond will be established. The researcher wishes to convey his profound gratitude and sincerest appreciation to those who have extended much effort and assistance contributory to the success of the dissertation. His deepest indebtedness goes particularly to the following: Almighty God, for giving him strength, wisdom, and vision to finish his study; His Supervisor, for his guidance and suggestions to improve the research work; His family, who reassured, inspired, and supported him morally, and financially; His colleague and friends, for their words of encouragement; All others who helped the researcher make this dissertation possible. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page Abstract Acknowledgment Table of Contents List of Figures CHAPTER 1 - Introduction General Adhesion Literature Review CHAPTER 2 - Methodology Test Methods Shear Tests Direct Shear Test CHAPTER 3 - Experimental Details Concrete Mix Properties Sample Details Test Details CHAPTER 4 - Results & Discussions CHAPTER 5 - Conclusions & Recommendations LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Concrete remains an indispensable construction material because of its flexibility, durability and workability. With time, however, concrete structures deteriorate and weaken, thus repair and restructuring is inevitable. Signs of deterioration or defects such as cracks on the structures are often perceived as indicators of the need to perform maintenance. Concrete repairs usually require adding of new concrete to existing old concrete element to protract the 'useful life of an existing structure, to restore its load-carrying capacity and stiffness, and to strengthen its members' (Bissonnette, et al., 2009). Some of the most commonly used cementing materials in the production of the new overlay include resin, mortar, mortar purified with latex, ordinary concrete (OC),

Critically evaluate the claim that employee involvement and Essay

Critically evaluate the claim that employee involvement and participation initiatives contribute to increased employee motivation and productivity - Essay Example Employee participation gives an impression of value and power to the employees in the organization. Employee participation and involvement in the matters of enterprises provides maximum benefits to the firm as the employees work more honestly in order to maintain their records in the organization. The terms employee involvement and employee participation were first used in 1970s (Farnham, 1993, p.361). After the introduction of these terms a number of companies adopted employee participation programs which were designed with an aim to create better workplace plans and implement such operational programs which would bring benefits for the firm and the workers. This kind of programs, which are known as managed work panels, action commissions or employee-administrator committees, usually offer a forum in which workers may present suggestions or thoughts to administration relating to workplace topics and get administration reply. Many administrators judge that this sort of worker-employer teamwork is extremely advantageous to both parties and valuable for the corporation itself to participate in a worldwide economy. The employment department carried out a survey of employee involvement programs practiced by 377 British organizations and observed that employee involvement raises with the company size and value of financial involvement plans have raised from 53% in 1988 to 77% in 1991(Farnham and Pimlott,1995,p.421). The survey further tells that most of the companies which were surveyed have a program formed which can help the employees to join them. Employers also play a major role in encouraging the employees to work harder. These days the employers consider it as an important duty to converse with the employees and make the relations as better as possible. They are further forming employee committees which would help the employees to come forward with their problems. These committees help in decreasing the gap between the employers and the workers. This further creates an environment of security amongst the employees and would encourage them to work harder. The employers which emphasize on th e employee morale and relations get the benefits accordingly. These benefits can be in the form of high productivity and good quality. Furthermore the employees would not want to keep a distance from the management if all their demands are being met. Here the employers are also taking the advantage as the risk of strikes and employee co-ordination can be avoided. Employee involvement and participation can be divided in to different forms and hence by using these forms we may conclude if employee involvement and participation initiatives contribute to increased employee motivation and productivity or not. The first form of employee involvement is communication which is considered to be one of the most important methods of catching employees' and employers' attention. Some administrators find it worse to use communication with their employees in order to solve problems. However the CBI concluded that communication, itself, is not responsible for the occurrence of any problem but it is the matter of changing views and approaches. Communication should be used to identify the differences and understand the problems rather than criticizing and creating problems. Employees' involvements in the company using communications motivate

Older Adults in Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Older Adults in Society - Assignment Example According to the study ageism â€Å"legitimates the use of chronological age to mark out classes of people who are systematically denied resources and opportunities that others enjoy, and who suffer the consequences of such denigration, ranging from well†meaning patronage to unambiguous vilification’. They further state that it may also give rise to various inherent negative beliefs concerning older people as well the whole process of ageing in general, beginning with well-intentioned benefaction to unequivocal disparagement.From this paper it is clear that  the concept of Ageism, contrary to popular beliefs is a far wider concept and encompasses wider range of issues as compared to mere discrimination on the basis of age. Such beliefs are created socially, which are then reinforced and assimilated within our societies, and are experienced in our social lives.  The term ageism is mostly used to describe the various prejudices and stereotypes which exist in our socie ties today, with regard to older people on the grounds of their age. It also describes the behaviour which is directed towards the older population either directly or indirectly.  The author has identified various types of age related discrimination. While differentiation on the basis of age is a consequence of deep rooted understanding and perception of individuals and mostly occurs as a result of a considerate acknowledgment of the age-related differences.   ... It also describes the behaviour which is directed towards the older population either directly or indirectly (Ray et al., 2006). The author has identified various types of age related discrimination. These include under representative i.e. passive or indirect form of discrimination; positive or protective discrimination which includes giving extra or special treatment to the said age group; and negative or overtly harmful discrimination, which is also known as direct discrimination. Direct discrimination occurs when any individual is given differential treatment on the basis of his/her age, while in case of indirect discrimination although care is provided it is offered in such a way that the older people cannot exploit the services offered for their ultimate benefit, and instead have to suffer due to disproportionate provisions of services (Roberts and Robinson, 2000). According to Adams et al (2006), indirect discrimination occurs when the medical practitioners or organizations res ponsible for providing health care services adopt ageist attitudes with respect to decision-making and service provision. The policies thus implemented in such a way have little or no regard to the needs and requirements of the older section of the population, as their health care needs are given lower priority than required. Thus, due to such an attitude of the health care providers, the aged people find themselves with very few alternatives to seek health care. Such type of ageism, although quite common and rampant, is difficult to challenge and address, especially given its discreet or covert nature. According to Hagestad and Uhlenberg (2005) ageist attitude is related to various factors

Personal Reflection on My Dressing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Reflection on My Dressing - Essay Example As such, I do not wear tight clothes, revealing clothes, or any clothes that disregard my cultural ethics. Indeed, my cultural beliefs and respect for my traditions define my dressing and body adornment. My personal beliefs and values forbid me from wearing clothes that will expose my masculinity. Moreover, I dress to satisfy my emotions and to remain fashionable. I also consider my position in the society and the need to respect others while dressing. As I seek to maintain my dignity, I do not envy body adornments like tattoos since they demean personal beliefs and cultural values, which forbid men from body adornments. I believe in time management and hence I wear watches and choose stylish dressing to keep pace with the modern fashions. Assuredly, I dress to please myself and remain ethical in the diverse society. The main factor that defines my choice of clothing is to express my feelings and represent my personal beliefs and values. Moreover, the need to remain ethical and manif est professionalism influences my dressing decisions and choices. In addition, my cultural values and parental guidance influence my choice of dressing as I seek to respect my parents and tradition through my dressing. Notably, my parents are the custodians of my cultural dressing beliefs. Nevertheless, the need to embrace modernity and remain fashionable forces me to balance between cultures and fashion in my dressing. The weather also influences my dressing choices as I seek to adapt to different climates and remain healthy. Moreover, my sporting needs and decency requirements define my dressing. The need to visit different venues also defines my dressing choices since the workplace and attending lectures will require specific clothing. I also choose my dressing with reference to the respect, ethics, and morality that I seek to present to the society.

Analyzing The Glass Castle examining characters (Rex; the father) Essay

Analyzing The Glass Castle examining characters (Rex; the father) - Essay Example In order to analyze the characters present in The Glass House memoir, it will take a more in depth approach than just physically describing them. Instead, there will be an approach taken to see the different quirks of each character and to see how this influenced the author. Jeanette Walls is the writer and also the narrator in the book so it is important to determine who she is and her relationship with each of the characters. In order to conduct this character analysis, there will be an identification of the character, their characteristics and any conflicts within the story that apply to the person’s place within it. As Jeanette is the main character, she is considered one of the major characters because the series of events which occur within the story all evaluate around her and her perception of them at the particular time in her life. As the narrator, she describes her life starting out by recalling seeing her mother as she was rummaging in the dark in the dumpster, homeless in New York City while Jeanette was headed to a party. Since it had been months since she had seen her own mother, she had become overcome with panic. This initial introduction within the first few paragraphs of the book foreshadows an awkward past that Jeanette had lived and moved past. Most people would be ecstatic to see their parents if they had not seen them for several months but Jeanette almost looked upon her mother as a lost memory. Jeanette actually offered a thorough analysis of her own perspective at this point saying that while her own mother stood 15 feet away, there were rags tied around her shoulders whil e she dug through the dumpster alongside the dog. All gestures were familiar to Jeanette as she looked at her from the taxi as an adult, as they had to her when she was a child. While she had aged and had gray matted hair with sunken eyes, she still reminded Jeanette of the mom she had been when Jeanette was a kid,

Identify the one event introduced in the post-Civil War era that you Essay

Identify the one event introduced in the post-Civil War era that you feel best represents Twain's imagery of the Gilded Age and explain your reasoning for this selection - Essay Example ndals had become more common to the extent that similar events were being referred to as â€Å"Grantism,† a term that effectively captured greed and dishonesty of leaders of the time. The then citizens thought that funds from these investments were eventually used to bankroll Republican Party operations (Elder, 2002). This is especially true considering that the dealings led to the creation of the Liberal Republican Party. Regardless, the actual loophole for these corrupt Gilded Age deals was the then prevailing spoils system, in which better-endowed people used their influence to reward their relatives, friends and corrupt business allies with lucrative government tenders (Gerrard, & Newell, 2006). As Gerrard and Newell (2006) said, an ever-growing citizenry, however, began to acknowledge the fact that the civil service needed urgent reform. The Dawes Act of 1887 for example, was a major piece of legislation which mandated the president to oversee the granting of land and citizenship to Indians (Gerrard, & Newell, 2006). The Act arguably set the pace for more accountability by state officers as evidenced in the Manifest Destiny, when it comes to the allocation of national resources. Manifest Destiny sought to correct acts of greed and dishonesty that were synonymous with the Gilded Age and build a better society where every community had a

How To Tell a True War Story Essay Example for Free

How To Tell a True War Story Essay The chapter â€Å"How to Tell a True War Story† tells various stories by different characters, on which the author, Tim O’Brian comments through metafictive statements such as â€Å"a true war story is never moral†. Through this short story within the book, the author offers the opportunity to understand the art of writing about War. The story with the â€Å"baby buffalo† is an excellent example of the sophisticated implementation of O’Brian’s ideas about â€Å"how to tell a true war story†. I will examine each of the author’s instructions with regard to the story and analyze why this story is a â€Å"true war story† according to the author. â€Å"The [author has] told it before -many times, many versions’, but [now tells] what actually happened†. This immediately raises the question, why the author failed to tell the true story before: it might be the case that it was too embarrassing for him to tell. After all a soldier tortured an innocent animal, while the others were watching him without intervening. In this sense O’Brian’s metafictive statement about embarrassment proves to be accurate in this case. Furthermore the fact that Curt Lemon played â€Å"catch with Rat† and â€Å"was dead† instantly after it, indicates emotional detachment of the author and the reader is left with many questions about this single sentence: How did this happen so quickly? Why is the author so emotionally detached from his death? Is it really what happened or is it what seemed to happen? After all if somebody dies in a war, it seems so quick and the factual and emotional truth is hard to separate. It might very well be the case that the description about Lemon’s death is â€Å"skewed† because â€Å"what seems to happen becomes its own happening†: since Lemon died so unexpectedly, the author tells it in a way he â€Å"felt it to happen†. One moment alive another moment dead already. After Rat’s best friend died, he deals with his sorrow and emotional pain by torturing a harmless animal, a baby buffalo. His motivation: â€Å"wasn’t to kill, it was to hurt†. After â€Å"opening a can of C rations† for the buffalo, â€Å"he took careful aim and shot off an ear†. Then â€Å"he shot twice in the flanks†. At the end â€Å"he shot off a tail and shot in the left front knee†. Although this is â€Å"evil and obscene† human behavior, â€Å"nobody said much†. Even the author describes the event emotionally isolated, without â€Å"having a moral or suggesting proper human behavior†. He merely explains what happened, â€Å"without offering abstractions or analysis†. While Rat’s deeds seem to be morally wrong and very cruel’ â€Å"it is hard to extract the meaning†. One really has to â€Å"look under to surface to unravel the deeper meaning†. Seemingly the torture of the animal is unnecessary but it is the only way Rat can deal with the loss of his best friend. He is angry at the whole world for loosing him; after all he is only a â€Å"kid†. The story in this sense is not about war at all: we had no description of the enemy who killed Rat or any combat action. We are left with the sorrow and pain that the war caused. In this sense â€Å"a true war story is never about war. It’s about sunlight†¦love and memory†. All in all it is clear that almost every statement about â€Å"how to tell a true war story† is implemented in this single story.

Personal Statement Essay Example for Free

Personal Statement Essay I was asked to winter formal my freshman year of high school by the Air Force JROTC commander who just happened to be a senior. Having the head-person in charge even talk to me at all was a big deal back then. I still don’t know how it happened, but with a bit of dumb luck and a lot of late nights out, we started dating. Danail and I were on top of the world. There was nothing we couldn’t accomplish if we set our minds to it, and so we did. We were always out on adventures. You could catch us hiking, backpacking, or just hanging out with friends, but we always had huge smiles on our faces. Slowly getting to know each other better, and planning our futures together, one important detail I found out is that during her sophomore year of high school she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. She was in remission, but at the expense of having to endure extensive treatments of chemotherapy and radiation. Halfway through my sophomore year (we were still dating) she was re-diagnosed with malignant tumors in her abdomen. She went through several hospitals and even more treatment plans, keeping her optimism high and still living to love life. Fast forward to this last summer when at 2am on June 12th, 2012 at the Cancer Treatment Center of America in Arizona, our last hope, Danail Lynn Frey took her last breath. She meant more to me than I could ever comprehend at the time, and my life was suddenly derailed in an instant. Immediately after Danail passed away, I felt abandoned and without purpose. I had shaped my life around this one individual and for the first time in my life, I didn’t know what I wanted. Danail was a nursing student at ASU, and we had always planned on me becoming a doctor, and then us joining an organization that benefits third world countries. Having to change my original plans of becoming a neurosurgeon to shape my future with someone else was definitely not an easy decision. Now I didn’t know what to do, and I had to get out. With that being the first summer that I wasn’t packed full of already scheduled activities, I ended up learning how to scuba dive and I went on a trip to San Carlos, Mexico. This trip was just the chance I needed to get out of the painfully familiar places at home and really let me think about what I was going to do. I realized that I had to regain a sense of self and maybe even some independence. Having witnessed first-hand Danail’s amazing oncology team provide for her the care she most certainly deserved, I was able to better fully realize that I knew being in healthcare, more specifically being a physician, was still in store for my future. On top of that, being in the Civil Air Patrol’s emergency services team and already having a background in search and rescue attending the National Emergency Services Academy in Indiana, I decided to combine the two. This thought process started a new personal track revolving around my future that ignited a new fire and passion having been able to better understand the realities of medicine. With that combination, my new focus all geared toward bettering our current healthcare system and looking into international rescue and relief with organizations like the WHO. All of these events helped shape what I want to be, and ultimately, at the end of the day, I know I will realistically change my mind again. Currently here is where I am at. I know it may sound eager, unrealistic, and possibly even pretentious to say this with the only one-specialty or track that doctors are supposed to choose, but maybe eventually not. I would like to practice in multiple fields that I believe are all connected to make the ultimate healer. I have interned as an ophthalmic technician learning about eyes and optics, which has really intrigued me. However, I have also always been fascinated by human behavior and the inner workings of the mind and plan to potentially major in neuroscience. Because of all the second-hand chemo and radiation tragic memories that I experienced, I want to bring alternative cures to cancer into tested clinical environments studying oncology. On top of that, I will always be in the rescue settings. So, trauma and world health medicine are also on my mind. I want to always build upon my education and health experience to incorporate that knowledge into a practice of its own. If Danail taught me anything, it would have been how to love, and that if I set my mind to something, especially as important as medicine, I need to remain true to my goals and use her as my inspiration to achieve them.

Vapour Pressure as a Function of Temperature of Ether

Vapour Pressure as a Function of Temperature of Ether Xin Wang Title To measure the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling point of diethyl ether by cooling the ether down and continuously recording a series of different temperature readings and their corresponding vapour pressure values. Abstract Vapour pressure p of ether under a series of different temperatures T were measured and three repeats were done. The three graphs of ln(p) against 1/T were plotted, all of them showed a nice linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T . Then the gradient which was equal to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/R was used, and hence the average value of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap of three repeats was decided as the final result . The boiling point was calculated by using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap and the final value used of constant C was also the mean of three repeats’ constants obtained. Error analysis and improvements both focused on the leaking of apparatus and the validities of measurements obtained. Introduction Thermodynamics is a very important part of chemistry and chemical studies. It involves many studies about energy such as the transfer of energy and the conservation of energy. For this experiment which is to study the vapor pressure as a function of temperature, the thermodynamic part which should be focused on is that a system would tends to make its Gibbs Free Energy which is the energy free to do work minimum at a constant temperature and pressure. In this experiment, a single and pure compound is used and the study is about the equilibrium between its liquid phase and its gaseous phase at a constant pressure and temperature. If the pure compound liquid is placed inside a closed container, under different temperature and different pressure, there will always be a equilibrium between the liquid phase and gaseous phase. This thermodynamic equilibrium will be at different position due to the temperature and pressure Therefore, the region of the temperature and pressure where the compound changes from liquid to gases or reversibly has been defined as phase boundaries, which can be found in a graph of pressure against temperature. To be more specific, the temperature is the temperature of the system, but the pressure mentioned is the vapour pressure. The vapour pressure is defined as the pressure of the vapour which is in equilibrium with its liquid in the closed container, and it does vary with the temperature. According to the second law of thermodynamics which indicates â€Å"At equilibrium, the chemical potential of a substance is the same throughout a sample, regardless of how many phases are present.† [1] , a equation for the two chemical potentials of two phases can be obtained, which shows the chemical potential of the liquid is equal to the chemical potential of the gases in equilibrium in the closed container. To make this simpler, the chemical potential â€Å" µÃ¢â‚¬  which is the molar Gibbs free energy [1] is introduced. Therefore, at a constant pressure and temperature,  µ is equal to the first derivative of G with respect to n, where G is the Gibbs free energy and n is the number of moles. As phase boundary is represented by the line which separates the liquid phase region and gaseous phase region in a graph of vapour pressure against temperature, therefore the gradient of the phase boundary which is written as dp/dT can be considered. In the closed container, the overall chemical potential of the system is always constant by considering conservation of energy. Therefore, the change in  µ of liquid phase should always be equal to the change in  µ of gaseous phase when temperature and pressure change, which can be expressed as d µ(liquid) = d µ(gases)[1]. The fundamental equation â€Å"dU = TdS PdV† [2] can be used to derive another equation of d µ. Because of H = U + pV [3], therefore dH = dU + d(pV) = dU + pdV + Vdp is derived. As known, G = H -TS and then dG = dH d(TS) = dH TdS SdT is obtained. By combining the two derived equations and the fundamental equation mentioned above, dG = -SdT + Vdp can then be obtained finally. Due to the definition of  µ, equation d µ = -SdT + Vdp can be derived. If d µ = -SdT + Vdp is substituted into d µ(liquid) = d µ(gases), [V(gases) V(liquid)]dp = [S(gases) S(liquid)]dT can be derived. Therefore, dp/dT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T where à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S is defined as the the entropy of phase transition which can be equal to S(gases) S(liquid) and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T is defined as the volumes of phase transition which can be equal to V(gases) V(liquid). Due to the perfect gas law which is pV = nTR, where R is the gas constant which is equal to 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 and T is the temperature in kelvins. For  µ which is molar, therefore n = 1 and then pV = RT, so V = RT/p is obtained for gases. The assumption that à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²V = V(gases) V(liquid) ≈ V(gases) [2] can be made as the volume of liquid in the closed system is much smaller than the volume of gases, and hence à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²V = RT/p can be derived. For à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S, as à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = Tà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S can be derived due to the equilibrium, so à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /T is then derived. By substituting the two new equations for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T into dp/dT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T, dp/dT = pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /RT2 can be obtained. Then do the integration for the equation dp/dT = pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /RT2 , ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C can be derived, where C is a constant. For the equation ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C, a graph of ln(p) against 1/T can be plotted to find à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap which is the enthalpy of vaporization can obtained from the gradient of the graph due to the linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T. Therefore, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = -gradient Ãâ€" R To use the equation to find the boiling point of the compound used, due to the definition of boiling point, just substitute pressure = 1 atmosphere ≈ 1 bar into the equation to find the corresponding T which is therefore the boiling point. Therefore, ln(1) = 0 = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RTboil + C, and hence Tboil = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RC can be used for calculation. Equipment Methylated spirits, cardice, ether(diethyl ether), tweezers, a large dewar flask, a smaller dewar flask, wasted dewar flasks, clamps, experimental vacuum set-up with air pump connected, stopwatch, electrical mixer, thermometers, funnels, beakers Experiment Turned on the digital vacuum gauge and then took down the bulb A from the apparatus set, some ether was added into the bulb and then the bulb was reconnected to the apparatus. Next, prepared methylated spirits was added to a large dewar, then enough cardice was transferred from the the main container into a small container and added to the dewar with methylated spirits by using a tweezer. Enough cardice was added to make the methylated spirits reach a very low temperature which was about -78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. After the temperature of the methylated spirits was low enough, some of the mixture was poured into a smaller dewar and then the cold trap was submerged by the mixture in the smaller dewar which was clamped and therefore fixed to continuously cold the cold trap. Then the air pump was turned on, the Tap 1 which was vacuum to Ether in the bulb A and the Tap 3 which was vacuum to Atmosphere were both closed while the Tap 2 which was vacuum to Transducer was open. After the cold trap was cold enough, open Tap 1 to boil the ether for seconds to make sure all the air inside those tubes were pumped out, and then closed Tap 1 and measure the rate of leaking by closing Tap 2 as well and then measuring the amount of pressure increased by looking at the digital vacuum gauge in one minute by using a stopwatch. The thermometer and the electrical mixer were well setted up around the bulb A as a thermostat bath, then submerged the bulb A with ether inside into the remaining mixture in the large dewar and clamped the large dewar to make it fixed. Then continuously add cardice into the large dewar and the smaller dewar to cool down the ether and keep the cold trap still cold. When the temperature of the mixture in the large dewar reached about -78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the large dewar was removed and Tap 2 was closed with Tap 1 open. The mixture in the large dewar was the pored into a wasted dewar and then the dewar was allowed to warm up. Then the ether in the bulb A was allowe d to warm up to room temperature and cold tap water in a beaker was used to submerge the bulb A to help warm up. After a enough long time was used for warming up, the thermometer was touched to the bulb A to measure the temperature of the ether at room temperature and this temperature reading and the corresponding pressure reading were both recorded as the first pair of data. The empty large dewar had also been warmed up already, fresh methylated spirits was then added to the dewar and the bulb A was submerged into the fresh mixture with the thermostat bath set also submerged in the mixture. The thermostat bath was started by turning on the electrical mixer, at the same time, Tap 3 and Tap 2 were still closed while Tap 1 was open. For obtaining data sets, a small amount of cardice was added each time to make sure the temperature only went down by 2 to 3 degrees or kelvins. The temperature reading and its corresponding pressure reading were both recorded after adding the cardice and waiting for both reading to be steady. The experiment was finished until the temperature had reached about -55 degrees . After finishing the experiment, the electrical mixer was then turned off and the Tap 1 and the Tap 2 were closed but the Tap 3 was then opened. The air pump was switched off after that. Next, both the large dewar and the smaller dewar were removed, and the methylated mixture in both dewars were poured back into the the container of methylated spirits using a funnel. The experiment had been repeated for three times and therefore three data sets were obtained. And all the repeats were done by using the same apparatus under the same condition. Results During the experiments, the raw data recorded for temperature was in degree and pressure was in mbar. See Table 1. For 1/T, Temperature was changed into the unit of kelvin. For ln(p), pressure was changed into the unit of bar. See Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C. Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 T /degrees p /mbar T /degrees p /mbar T /degrees p /mbar 15 661 8 511 14 582 9 547 5 448 4 432 7 476 3 393 1 385 4 424 -1 342 -2 316 2 378 -4 296 -6 268 -2 330 -7 253 -10 216 -4 291 -12 205 -14 182 -7 250 -15 174 -18 150 -10 220 -18 150 -21 126 -12 193 -21 132 -25 102 -14 175 -25 105 -27 91 -17 155 -31 80 -31 73 -20 132 -34 66 -35 59 -22 116 -37 53 -38 46 -26 95 -41 43 -42 37 -29 80 -44 38 -45 30 -33 65 -47 32 -48 26 -36 53 -51 26 -50 22 -40 41 -55 23 -52 20 -42 35 -60 18 -57 15 -44 32 -59 13 -48 25 -62 11 -52 20 -54 17 -56 14 -59 12 Table 1. Raw data from the experiments Figure 1. ln(p) against 1/T for Run 1 Figure 2. ln(p) against 1/T fro Run 2 Figure 3. ln(p) against 1/T for Run 3 Rate of leaking of pressure of the apparatus = 2 mbar/min To obtain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap, the average value of gradients of three repeats which were obtained from Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 was used to calculate the final result à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap. This was the same for the constant C, therefore the mean value of constants C of three repeats was used as the final result of C. The average gradient value = [(-3381.1) + (-3048.6) + (-3287.6)] à · 3 = -3239.1 K à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = -gradient Ãâ€" R = -3239.1 Ãâ€" 8.314 = 26929.8774 J mol-1 Constant C = (11.329 + 10.087 + 10.969) à · 3 = 10.795 Boiling point = Tboil = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RC = 26929.8774/(8.314 Ãâ€" 10.795) = 300.0555813 K ≈ 26.9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ (to 3 s.f.) Data Analysis The theoretical value of the enthalpy of vaporization of diethyl ether is 27140 J mol-1 at 25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ [4] , therefore, percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = [(27140 26929.8774) à · 27140] Ãâ€" 100% ≈ 0.774% (to 3 s.f.) The theoretical value of the boiling point of diethyl ether is 34à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ [5], therefore, the percentage of error of boiling point = [(34 26.9) à · 34] Ãâ€" 100% ≈ 20.9% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in T = (0.25 à · 1) Ãâ€" 100% = 25% Uncertainty in 1/T = (0.25 à · 12) Ãâ€"100% = 25% Uncertainty in p = (0.5 à · 11) Ãâ€" 100% ≈4.55% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in ln(p) = (0.5 à · 11) Ãâ€" 100% ≈4.55% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = uncertainty in gradient = 25% + 4.55% = 29.55% Uncertainty in constant C = 29.55% Uncertainty in boiling point Tboil = 29.55% + 29.55% = 59.1% The values of R2 which are coefficients of determination were all shown to be fairly close to 1, therefore, the linear correlation between ln(p) and T was shown to be very nice. The percentage of error of boiling point is much larger than the percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap, and the uncertainty of boiling point is even larger due to the uncertainties of 1/T and ln(p). This might come from two main sources of errors. One is the leaking of the experimental apparatus and the other is not high enough validities of temperature and pressure measurements obtained due to other errors like human errors. For the leaking of the apparatus, the rate of leaking was measured as 2 mbar/min. To be more specif, the leaking was caused by the incompletely sealed connections between those glass tubes. The time from starting to take down measurements to finishing the experiment was about half an hour, this has led to a large uncertainty in the pressure measurements. Therefore, the readings of pressure at the lower temperature are much less accurate and smaller than the actual value that they should be, this shifted the gradient to a higher value, but the more serious effect was on the constant C which is the intercept with the axis of ln(p). As pressure was first recorded in mbar, when changing it into the unit of bar, the value was less than 1, therefore ln(p) is less than zero, a decrease in the pressure value can lead to a large change in the value of ln(p). So the constant C is much higher than the actual value. Although the percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap is small, but this does not mean the experiment was very accurate because its uncertainty is quite large, and this low percentage error might due to the combination of different errors. For not high enough validities of temperature and pressure measurements obtained. The human error of recording temperature has the largest effect, and it has been indicated by the uncertainty of temperature reading which is 25%, this uncertainty is quite large enough to lead to inaccurate temperature readings and therefore the large uncertainties of the enthalpy of vaporization and boiling point. Another error causing low validities is the time used to wait until the temperature and pressure readings to be steady, which can definitely lead to more leaking of pressure. Although the experiment was about 30-minute long, but some readings were recorded before they became steady, and this would make he readings recorded higher than the actual ones. Improvements To reduce the error caused by the leaking of the apparatus, more advanced apparatus much be used. The leaking in these experiments was mostly caused by the incompletely sealed connections between those glass tube. Therefore, a set-up which has all glass tubes well connected without any crevice would be an ideal choice, this kind of set-up should be an entirety and can effectively avoid leaking. If the problem of leaking is solved, the time for waiting until the readings to become steady each time can be as long as possible to make sure the measurements are as accurate as they can. To reduce the human error on taking down the readings of temperature and pressure, computers and sensors are suggested. For example, thermocouples [6] which are common temperature sensors used in industry, this type of temperature sensors can directly provide the electrical readings of temperature on the screen of the equipment and the size is fairly nice for using in laboratories. Computers can be used to take down the reading on those electrical equipment such as temperature sensors and the digital vacuum gauge by using the softwares or internal programs. More precautions must be payed attention. Therefore, make sure the ether used is pure enough and the experimental apparatus especially the bulb is clean to prevent from impurities, and during the step of boiling the ether by vacuuming the bulb, take a longer time to boil the ether to make sure that all the air in the tubes can be swept out. Conclusion In conclusion, the graphs have proved that the linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T was reliable. Therefore, the main equation ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C can be used to find the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling point of ether and the assumption which has been made about the volumes is reliable in this case. However, the apparatus and some technics much be improved to reduce errors and then obtain accurate results. References [1] 6. Vapour Pressure a a Function of Temperature, 1st Year Physical Chemistry Laboratory 2013 lab script, p. 2 [2] 6. Vapour Pressure a a Function of Temperature, 1st Year Physical Chemistry Laboratory 2013 lab script, p. 3 [3] Enthalpy. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy [Accessed 26th March 2014] [4] Majer, V.; Wagner, Z.; Svoboda, V.; Cadek, V., Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1980 , vol. 12, # 4 p. 387 392 [5] Gomberg, M., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1923 , vol. 45, p. 398 398 [6] TemperatureSensors. Available from: https://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/TemperatureSensors [Accessed 26th March 2014] Appendix A Run 1 Temperature/degrees Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 15 661 0.003470415 -0.414001439 9 547 0.003544214 -0.603306477 7 476 0.003569516 -0.742337425 4 424 0.003608154 -0.858021824 2 378 0.003634381 -0.972861083 -2 330 0.003687996 -1.108662625 -4 291 0.0037154 -1.234432012 -7 250 0.00375728 -1.386294361 -10 220 0.003800114 -1.514127733 -12 193 0.003829217 -1.64506509 -14 175 0.003858769 -1.742969305 -17 155 0.003903963 -1.864330162 -20 132 0.003950227 -2.024953356 -22 116 0.003981684 -2.154165088 -26 95 0.004046126 -2.353878387 -29 80 0.004095843 -2.525728644 -33 65 0.004164064 -2.733368009 -36 53 0.00421674 -2.937463365 -40 41 0.004289084 -3.194183212 -42 35 0.004326195 -3.352407217 -44 32 0.004363954 -3.442019376 -48 25 0.004441483 -3.688879454 -52 20 0.004521818 -3.912023005 -54 17 0.004563085 -4.074541935 -56 14 0.004605112 -4.268697949 -59 12 0.004669624 -4.422848629 Appendix B Run 2 Temperature/degree Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 8 511 0.00355682 -0.671385689 5 448 0.003595182 -0.802962047 3 393 0.00362122 -0.933945667 -1 342 0.003674444 -1.072944542 -4 296 0.0037154 -1.217395825 -7 253 0.00375728 -1.37436579 -12 205 0.003829217 -1.5847453 -15 174 0.003873717 -1.74869998 -18 150 0.003919263 -1.897119985 -21 132 0.003965893 -2.024953356 -25 105 0.004029821 -2.253794929 -31 80 0.004129672 -2.525728644 -34 66 0.004181476 -2.718100537 -37 53 0.004234597 -2.937463365 -41 43 0.00430756 -3.146555163 -44 38 0.004363954 -3.270169119 -47 32 0.004421844 -3.442019376 -51 26 0.004501463 -3.649658741 -55 23 0.004584002 -3.772261063 -60 18 0.004691532 -4.017383521 Appendix C Run 3 Temperature/degree Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 14 582 0.0034825 -0.541284831 4 432 0.003608154 -0.839329691 1 385 0.003647638 -0.954511945 -2 316 0.003687996 -1.152013065 -6 268 0.003743215 -1.316768298 -10 216 0.003800114 -1.532476871 -14 182 0.003858769 -1.703748592 -18 150 0.003919263 -1.897119985 -21 126 0.003965893 -2.071473372 -25 102 0.

Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther Kings Lette

Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience and Martin Luther King's Letter from Birmingham Jail Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King, in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† and â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† respectively, both conjure a definitive argument on the rights of insubordination during specified epochs of societal injustice. Thoreau, in his enduring contemplation of life and its purpose, insightfully analyzes the conflicting relationship between the government and the people it governs. He considerately evokes the notion that the majority of people are restrained by the government and society from making decisions with consideration of their conscience and that people need to overcome the reign of the government to realize their own ethics and morals. King, in accordance, eloquently and passionately contends the injustice presented in the unfair treatment of and the discriminatory attitude towards Blacks. Even though, Thoreau successfully accentuates his main concerns in his argument, his effectiveness in persuasion—appeals, conclusion, and prac tical application—pales in comparison to that of King’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In persuasive essays, appeals represent significant, rhetorical factors that rate the effectiveness of impact. Although Thoreau applies ethos, logos, and pathos in his essay, his writing lacks able organization, which affects the presentation and efficiency of his appeals. They lose their influence amidst Thoreau’s philosophical ranting. King, on the other hand, cons...

Employee Attitudes Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Employee Attitudes Introduction A happy worker makes for a good worker you say? Well, United Airlines had somewhat of an â€Å"all for one† employee attitude in July 1994. They announced the purchase of their own company for which they work for $5 billion through ESOP (Employee Stock Ownership Plan). So now, in the case of United Airlines, there obviously is a soar in employee productivity and spirits. Stocks have risen 120% due to this buyout (almost three times higher than the airline industry average gain). Every company or small business owner desires a positive employee attitude within his or her organization for high productivity and quality. United Airlines achieved this because the employees themselves took action, but for the majority, it is the management’s first move. Taking the Apple from the tree The Idiot’s Guide for Changing Employee Attitudes would say to pay the employee what O.J. paid his defense team. Take away the money part of a job then no one except an old volunteer worker for a Save the World Foundation or a simple dork is going to show favorable attitudes towards the job. Now let’s get real†¦but I thought that we were! Money can hypnotize some employees to become a more productive worker, but not all employees. (And even the ones that are motivated at the first glimpse of dead presidents will soon want†¦. you guessed it, more money in order to drag their lazy ass up the next step). What about Bill Gate’s techno wizards at Microsoft? What sum of money short of Bill’s own bank account is going to motivate these 30-year-old Gulfstream owners to change their snobbish attitudes? On a more practical basis, what about those employees who value intrinsic rewards over the monetary type? Not all employees will be weaned with the flash of cash. So we all must consider the fact that human beings will be consistent towards the general sense of satisfaction, but what sort of things lead to this satisfaction? What kind of satisfaction are we looking for? More so, what is going to satisfy an employee? Most of the research in the study of OB (Organizational Behavior) are concerned with job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment. (Robbins, 1997) The second two attitudes, job involvement and organizational commitment, are more or less the results of job satisfaction. An employee who has a high level of job ... ...e to work for me. This was exactly the case. I hated that girl for professional and personal reasons, but couldn’t really fire her for two reasons. First, if she leaves, then he leaves. Second, she really liked the type of work she was doing for my business, and it is this second reason that I changed. Of course, if an employee likes the work that they are doing then it is an advantage to the organization, but I felt that I had to make her believe that she really didn’t like working at my store so that she leaves on her own terms. This way, I get rid of her without loosing the husband employee. To make a long story short, I don’t believe a small business should hire a married couple due to problems which can arise from personal feelings (If just one of the two employees find a disagreeable situation, then the other will be enticed to follow. Now, there is double the problem.), but in the beginning, I had no choice since she wanted to tag along. Her h usband was the prime choice for my store due to his extensive knowledge and experience in this field, and for the amount of pay that he was willing to take, I wasn’t willing to give up that opportunity. So lesson well learned.

The Tension between Beauty and Virtue in Shakespeares Sonnet 95 Essay

The Tension between Beauty and Virtue in Shakespeare's Sonnet 95      Ã‚   "Sonnet 95" of Shakespeare's "blond young man" sonnets depicts a tension-filled variation on the classic blazon. The poet seems torn between the "shame" (1) that taints his subject and the "sweets" (4) of the subject 's beauty. The initial imagery of a "canker" (2) within a "rose" (2) serves to set up the sexual overtones that dominate the poem, as well as to create the sense of strain between disapproval and attraction that heightens throughout each quatrain. Shakespeare develops this imagery to ensnare the subject in an increasingly agitated opposition between his physical beauty and his behavioral repulsiveness. Though the poet claims that he "cannot dispraise but in a kind of praise" (7), the closing couplet goes counter this, bringing the sense of antagonism between the poet 's admiration and his disapproval full circle. The couplet serves as a warning that the physical beauty and virility that have dominated the young man 's life will end, destroying the " mansion" (9) where he hid his moral failing through the quatrains.    The opening quatrain of Sonnet 95 serves to expose the contrast between the young man 's physical and moral states. This quatrain, despite permitting the young man 's "beauty" (3) to dominate the sense of his "sins" (4), also begins to assert the idea that he will suffer for his vice. The opening image of "How sweet and lovely" (1) dominates the completion of the thought "dost thou make the shame" (1) through both rhythm and diction. While Shakespeare sets the opening in perfect iambic rhythm, the insertion of a pyrrhic foot to begin the statement of the young man 's "shame" (1) weakens the idea, allo... ...s to force the idea that there is a danger in the previously stated opposition. However, the phallic imagery of the "large privilege" (11) of which the young man should be aware helps to complete the poem 's consideration of physical beauty in place of virtue by drawing the poem back to the sexual overtones set up in the beginning. The warning that "the hardest knife ill-used doth lose his edge" (12) forces the idea that age leads to physical impotence, thereby leaving physical beauty the transient domain of the young, and virtue the permanent domain of all.    Work Cited The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Eds. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 2000. 1:1041-42. Works Consulted "canker, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. The Tension between Beauty and Virtue in Shakespeare's Sonnet 95 Essay The Tension between Beauty and Virtue in Shakespeare's Sonnet 95      Ã‚   "Sonnet 95" of Shakespeare's "blond young man" sonnets depicts a tension-filled variation on the classic blazon. The poet seems torn between the "shame" (1) that taints his subject and the "sweets" (4) of the subject 's beauty. The initial imagery of a "canker" (2) within a "rose" (2) serves to set up the sexual overtones that dominate the poem, as well as to create the sense of strain between disapproval and attraction that heightens throughout each quatrain. Shakespeare develops this imagery to ensnare the subject in an increasingly agitated opposition between his physical beauty and his behavioral repulsiveness. Though the poet claims that he "cannot dispraise but in a kind of praise" (7), the closing couplet goes counter this, bringing the sense of antagonism between the poet 's admiration and his disapproval full circle. The couplet serves as a warning that the physical beauty and virility that have dominated the young man 's life will end, destroying the " mansion" (9) where he hid his moral failing through the quatrains.    The opening quatrain of Sonnet 95 serves to expose the contrast between the young man 's physical and moral states. This quatrain, despite permitting the young man 's "beauty" (3) to dominate the sense of his "sins" (4), also begins to assert the idea that he will suffer for his vice. The opening image of "How sweet and lovely" (1) dominates the completion of the thought "dost thou make the shame" (1) through both rhythm and diction. While Shakespeare sets the opening in perfect iambic rhythm, the insertion of a pyrrhic foot to begin the statement of the young man 's "shame" (1) weakens the idea, allo... ...s to force the idea that there is a danger in the previously stated opposition. However, the phallic imagery of the "large privilege" (11) of which the young man should be aware helps to complete the poem 's consideration of physical beauty in place of virtue by drawing the poem back to the sexual overtones set up in the beginning. The warning that "the hardest knife ill-used doth lose his edge" (12) forces the idea that age leads to physical impotence, thereby leaving physical beauty the transient domain of the young, and virtue the permanent domain of all.    Work Cited The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Eds. M. H. Abrams and Stephen Greenblatt. 7th ed. 2 vols. New York: Norton, 2000. 1:1041-42. Works Consulted "canker, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Ed. J. A. Simpson and E. S. C. Weiner. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

The Diary of Anne Frank Rtl: Mood

When the Franks and Van Deans enter the annex they still have hope that they can et through this especially Anne â€Å"You could not do this you could not do that but somehow we children managed to have fun†. Everyone is nervous as well; they feel a touch of nervousness of what Lies ahead. â€Å"I don't ever want you to go beyond that door† ( Mr.. Frank, pig 711). They spend their time doing nothing but moving around In their little annex at first, but then the tension in their families start to break. Peter and Anne start to make fun of each other; Anne mocking Pewter's Cat and Peter reminding Anne of old schoolyard names she used to be called.Anne starts to annoy everyone as well. But the real conflict starts with the Van Deans. â€Å"You ought to be ashamed of yourself† (Mr.. Van Dana, pig 718) Mr.. Van Dana directs to Peter, showing off his disappointment of Peter. The annex becomes heated with arguments between Anne and the Van Deans, them calling Anne rude and troublesome. After all this arguing everything becomes still and calm Just as Mr.. Diesel arrives. Anne and her mother's relationship takes a toll on the group leaving them all depressed. They all try and make things work but they can't shake that feeling.They all feel hurt from all the squabbling, Anne says it best â€Å"Oh Pimp, I was horrible wasn't They all feel down In the dumps but when Hanukkah arrives. It's the first night of Hanukkah and they are all happy for once. â€Å"That was very moving† (Mr.. Diesel, pig 736) responded Diesel to Mr.. Franks prayer. They are all uplifted by everything and everyone especially Anne as she generously gave presents to everyone. That Is until Peter and Mr.. Van Dana start to fight about his cat, and from bad to worse a burglar comes and scares all of them dampening their mood.But through all of that they sing a Hanukkah song and end their night in happiness. As always this does not last. They are all hungry and bitter. The Van Deans more than anyone, â€Å"Their discussions becoming more violent† (Anne pig 749) described Anne. They all are becoming even angrier. Except for Peter and Anne, they are becoming closer, but leaving everyone else lonely. They all become slightly more optimistic because of news from MIPS. The Invasion had begun, the allies landed on Normandy. This gave everyone hope of survival. Peter and Anne are still friends, they are all happy.Anger arises when Mr.. Van Dana is caught stealing food, Mrs.. Frank furious and yelling at him to leave. This 1 OFF all spirals Into something worse when ten Nazis Tina teen, teen are all captured t dread they had felt the whole time in the annex finally hits them with full force. The Franks and Van Deans experience in hiding was terrible. They all felt dread the whole time. They were hiding their emotions as best as they could. They clung to their memories and ultimately their lives. They felt a dreadful mixture of hope and misery.

Reliability of Human Memory

The reliability of human memory, though typically seen as quite accurate and trust- worthy, has been questioned by researchers in recent decades. In particular, one area of memory that has raised questioning is emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed, which were first referred to as flashbulb memories' in 1977 by Roger Brown and James Kulak, which occur due to powerful events such as the death of Princess Diana, and the terrorist attacks on 9/1 1 . These memories are not as reliable as perceived, and do not provide accurate details of past events liable.This can be seen in the following two Journal articles; one which looks at memory recollection after 9/1 1 occurred over 3 different time periods, straight after, 1 year after and 3 years after, and the other looks at the flashbulb memories produced after the nuclear attacks in Japan in 1999. It is important to adopt the idea that flashbulb memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably, and mo re so look at them Just like every other memory. The first Journal article examines long-term retention of memory from the tragedy hat is the terrorist attacks of September 1 1 .The study had over 3000 individuals from seven US cities report on their learning of the attacks, as well as details about the attack, one week, 11 months and 35 months after the assault. The following were focused on in the study: † (1) the long-term retention of flashbulb and event memories, (2) the comparative retention of emotional reactions with the retention of other features of a flashbulb event, (3) possible difference in the underlying processing associated with the formation and retention of flashbulb and event memories, and (4) the factors that shape long-term retention, including the role of memory practices. † (Hirsh W.Et al, 2009, Para. 3) The study was conducted simply through 3 similarly designed surveys for the different time periods, with the first 6 questions relating to develo ping consistency of flashbulb memories, the next 4 on the accuracy of event memories, and the remaining questions on predictors, with confidence levels recorded for each answer as well. Concluding the research study, it was found that the rate of forgetting for flashbulb memories and event memory lows after a year, the strong emotional reactions drawn out by flashbulb events are remember poorly, and that the content of flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year.The second Journal article consists of a study that looks at the nuclear accident that occurred in Japan, in 1999 and whether or not different aspects such as the source, place, activity or people have an effect on the accuracy of flashbulb memories. The study was conducted through a questionnaire which was distributed twice; 3 weeks and a year after the event occurred, to people that lived on the site of the bombing as ell as in the surrounding area. The questionnaire asked such questions as â€Å"from where did y ou receive the news? And, â€Å"how many times did you talk about it with other people? † at both time periods to see the consistency of answers, along side to see if there was any outside influence on the persons memory. The results from the study determined that only a small portion of participants indicated accurate flashbulb memories, alongside this, those that did have accurate flashbulb memories reported rehearsing the memory more than those that had inaccurate memories – his encourages the idea that flashbulb memories are formed through rehearsal, rather than at encoding. (Attain, h. , et al. , 2005, p. ) Like every study, the one regarding September 1 lath also has strengths and weaknesses when collecting and evaluating the data to come to a conclusion on the accuracy of flashbulb memories, however the strengths of the study outweigh that of the weaknesses. The first strength of the study is that it provides data not only from one time period from when the even t occurred, but from multiple so that it can not only look at how much is remembered over a certain period of time, but also to an extent at what rate memory retention declines, as well as stabilizes, which as mentioned earlier the rate of forgetting slows after a year.Another strength of the study is that by providing confidence levels, it also helps to show whether or not the person doing the survey was guessing to fill in the answers, or if they genuinely believed what their memory was telling them, which as a result showed on a whole that memory is not as trustworthy as perceived, with many people reporting different Tories several years later, with very high confidence levels. Weaknesses are also evident in the study, however not as weighted as the strengths for it.One weakness that is prominent in the study is that because the survey is not done in a controlled environment, and is rather sent in the mail to the person, when completing the survey there could be other factors in the persons home which may potentially affect what they are thinking at the time, and thus could provide inaccurate data in the long run. Another weakness in the study, although it does not have too large of an impact, s that health issues had not been accounted for, which in turn could potentially alter the overall data.Overall it can be seen that the strengths of the study outweigh that of the weaknesses, and therefore the study provides accurate data which in turn shows that flashbulb memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably. The study conducted regarding the nuclear accident in Japan has numerous strengths and weaknesses involved in the collection and evaluation of the data, which ultimately affects the outcome of the study.In this study the strengths outweighed that of the weaknesses. The first noticeable strength in the study is that it looks at the four different aspects – the source, place, activity and people – which provides a broader understanding of what information, if any, is retained accurately. Though from the study it showed that each factor didn't have too large of an impact, and that flashbulb memory is not as accurate as first thought.Another strength of the study is that unlike in the first study, for this one the exact same questionnaire was used at both different time periods, so that it is a lot easier to compare insistence, rather than having different questions which potentially could be interpreted incorrectly. Alongside the strengths of the study, there are also weaknesses, one of which being that it does not look at lengthier time periods after the event happened, and it only looks at 2, unlike the other study which looked at 3.This could throw out the overall results of the study, however it still provides a general idea. Another weakness in the study is that Just like the first study, it does not take into account peoples health problems, or even age, which has a chance of providing incorrec t data. However, looking at the strengths of the study, they outweigh the weaknesses in the sense that they show that flashbulb memories do not provide accurate details of past events reliably.In conclusion, the human memory, is not reliably accurate in providing details of past events. This was shown specifically after analyzing different Journal articles that look at flashbulb memories. In conclusion to the Journal article that tested flashbulb memory against the 9/1 1 attacks, it was concluded that the strong emotional reactions drawn out by flashbulb events are remember poorly, and that the content f flashbulb and event memories stabilizes after a year.In the following study that was conducted after the nuclear accident that occurred in Japan in 1999 was analyses, it was concluded that the idea that flashbulb memories are formed through rehearsal, rather than at encoding. After analyzing the following articles, it has been concluded that flash bulb memory is not and has not been reliable for recollecting events accurately. For future research for each of the studies, the surveys should be consistent over the time period so that accurate information is collected.Also, health ND age should be taken into account to reduce risk for incorrect data.