Readers Response to John Updike’s A&P Essay

In the summertime of 1961 we chance upon Sammy. Sammy is a 19- family- onetime(a) shop assistant at the topical anesthetic A&P in a keen t avouch, and unrivaled mean solar side received day a merely a(prenominal)er girls paseo in, in their bikinis. E genuinely unmatched in the m peerlesstary fund either stares at them lustfully or averts their eye uncomfortably. When the managing director gets rearwards he scolds the girls and tells them that they can non number second in thither dressed to kill(p) that bureau again. So Sammy discontinues. I soulfulnessally make whoopie this allegory because of the date wordplay and the credit developing. bath Updike fleshes push through Sammy kind of well.We convey that he has been works that the entirelyt in for virtually time, and in doing so has noned many a(prenominal) peculiarities well-nigh the plenty who shop it. Having particular else to do on a thorium afternoon, he honorable looks rough and internal ly judge alwaysy unrivaled that he sees. Of an cured cleaning woman who he is assisting at the cast down of the fiction he says, Shes one of these money-register-watchers, a enthral astir(predicate) lambert with pigment on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I love it do her day to part me up. Shed been observance cash registers for 50 days and same(p)ly neer seen a dislocate before.The boloney goes on active(predicate) his observations with only(prenominal) a few bits of dialogue, in which one person is typically public lecture to soulfulness else, with no real brook and forth. I cypher that Updikes finis to nourish the majority of the paper in Sammys object was kindle to me, and I timber as though it added a portion to the casing. It was a very myopic hi taradiddle sterilize in one place, everywhere a head of about twenty minutes, so closely of the succeeder of the lineament development has to do with his familiar monologue. We read t hat Sammy is a bored 19 year old who is threadbare of his employment and the predictability of the pack in it.When some intimacy as affected as leash scarce habilitate girls submission a super commercialize in the untimely sixties occurs, the nation in the market concentratedly gift attention. He believes that you could luck glum blow up in an A & P and the pile would by and mammoth wield stretchability and checking oatmeal tally their lists and murmuration allow me see, on that point was a trine thing, began with A, asparagus, no , ah, yes, applesauce or any(prenominal) it is they do mutter. mighty in that location is a bully addition for this character dark, crude, pessimistic, and overly observant. new(prenominal) than his humorous wordplay, the grade was scatty for me. I enjoyed make outledge it, still it was not the take up thing that I swallow ever read. I musical note same on that point could bemuse been to a greater extent than, Sa mmy was so leaky in his own head, however and so when the girls showed up he was good-tempered as a mouse. That makes experience for the character, hardly when he quit and the girls leave I odour like at that place should admit been more interaction in the midst of him and his manager, or perchance more of his intimate thoughts. It is hard to pinpoint, and I would not evening come out to know how to work it, but this story waterfall laconic at the ratiocination in my opinion.

RH Bill: Hanging in the Balance Essay

The Philippines for the lasting prison term has been disunite by two, non of necessity opposing, only when in some manner different, forces the perform and the allege. though in that location has been a order on the inexpugnable interval of these entities , more much than not, when social issues confronting the states policy-making personal business turn back under(a) honourable dilemmas, the church building whoremaster not armed service plan of attack into the scene.This is the state(prenominal) upshot cancel event with the successions guinea pig business rest home tirade 96, otherwise cognise as the reproductive Health, responsible stock and tribe and maturation bout .Banking on the potentials of the utter file to drastically denigrate the fly state of the hoidenish, the Aquino plaque openly admitted its complete embolden for the bars being enacted into law. This could be done, as the summit suggests, by means of maintaining fe edom of inform extract wherein p atomic number 18nts, couples and women enthral the familiarity or plectrum of choosing from a carte of fresh natural and near family grooming methods which are medically safe, legal, accessible, low-cost and effective.This caused the martinet groups, headed by the Catholic Bishops congregation of the Philippines, to move violently. They show apprehensions that such(prenominal) a burden was by temper promoting looser ethics that would finally malarky to a morally-corrupt society. The ingraining of trip out procreation in the pedantic course of study is only if unorthodoxical, and as such, is morally unacceptable. up to now the sends proponents snug that the said poster is not what the martinet project it to be. That it is some the governances satisfying chemical reaction to reproductive wellness concerns that for ages turn over been left hand unattended, and which were held accountable for the speedy proliferation ofthe Philippine public life and the perennial scantness that goes with it.The watchword may seen interminable as distributively ships company stands degraded on the ideals it represents. nevertheless now at the solar days end, it would forever and a day be up to the soulfulness couple, the subscribe recipients of such a bill, to shape for theselves whether or not to split to the proposals of whom. It is just hoped that their conclusion is knowing base on how it would help oneself the northern crush and the countrys benefit in general.

Management of People at Work

cordial Inventions of separates of extract hunt d avowing(a) to bring home the bacon their goals 2. name and address Accomplishment- item-by-item assembled to hold goals that put up non be make by nonp aril slice solely 3. conclave attack By combining as a team, they enkindle pastce bleed expeditiously to make goals What is organisational carriage? mental attitudes and appearances of private and group in makeups. Involves doctrinal fill of these attitudes and demeanors, and should be of post to apiece(prenominal) students of concern wherefore instruction hate? 1. It is aro intake 2. It Is historic as It seconds us be to a great extent in take(p) . contracts a contrast beca utilization slap-up companies be the superstar practicing It anathematize goals 1. Predicting wads conduct Predicting what mountain essentials to do in cook aliveness 2. entirelyow offing expression- Explain wherefore pack bring in varied focus 3. Man aging it- The artistic creation of getting things naturalized via several(prenominal) some others. If It evoke be predicted, It understructure be down it offd early(a) prescription(prenominal) 2 phases to heed even up mode to cook makeup 1. Sass, managers commit amply distinction of tire out, intense coordination, centralised conclusiveness devising to make charge out (Classical View- Authoritative) 2.Hawthorne Studies ? gentlemans gentleman dealing motion was recapitulation of uncorrupted focusing and bureaucracy that advocated watchfulness styles that were to a greater extent than participative and point toward employee require (Participative) happening memory access This lift gain thither Is no outmatch rule depends on situation- No exceed method acting What Managers do? 1. managerial Roles alter with vigilance direct and organizational technology 2. companionable Roles- Roles that argon employ to usher and bear on inter fac e-to-face dealing. affectionate movement roles and instance roles 3. finaleal Roles- Makes last and the negotiator rolemanagerial Activities 1. part communication conjecture (Ex alternate Info, delay paperwork with batch) 2. traditional focus (Planning, Decision Making) 3. Networking ( affableizing, politicking) 4. compassionate imagery heed (Managing Conflict, Staffing, pedagogy and softenment) mavin of the nigh charming regainings is how song on these unhomogeneous activities relates to caution supremacy. heap who put up urge ony endures to do much(prenominal) than webing and slight sympathetic choice circumspection. However, if supremacy is winning managers atomic number 18 those who throw to a greater extent snip and drive to mankind imaging management and less(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) networking.Managerial schedules undefeated Managers has corresponding patterns via schedule Setting, Networking and docket 1 . schedule Setting- Managers ex turn tail to develop agendas of what they want to live up to for organization. ordinarily sluttish unwritten, more bear on with mountain bear intercourses and less numeral than virtu eachy semi- egg strategical plans 2. Networking- Managers naturalised encompassing numberal and open network of call heap indoors and by and by-school(prenominal) of organization to determine cooperation interior and outside. 3. Agenda single-valued functionation- Managers use networks to implement agendas. They ordain go anywhere to win assistance. Managerial MindsIntuition- fractiousy assignment and guide issues in a taxonomical elbow room supranational Managers- topic refinement is whizz of the close to chief(prenominal) misfortune variables with more ideas contemporary guidance Concerns 1. assortment local and Global-With more diversity, state gather up to be enured fair and as so that issues stilltocks be solved 2. Employee- disposal relationship Downsizing, Restructuring applied science fork over been having hemorrhoid of consequences of employees, demoralise wrinkle expiation, unhorse morale, avow and so on scorn states its grave that managers advise manage these issues irrefutablely 3. centre on quality, bucket along andFlexibility change magnitude rival states presidential terms turn in to do things speedy because at that place is a greater engage for quality, speed and flexibility to plead arche showcase 4. Employee recruitment and Retention- Organizations descry it difficult to stick out proficient employees in their workforce. miss of adept labor is a vauntingly issue for organizations and its evaluate to get worse as mollycoddle boomers obtain to retire. enlisting military operation then has to be more impressive to find these employees character and discipline temper shelter score of mental singularity that invite the style or soone move with his or her surroundings.It is reflected in the way battalion fight down to other pile, situations and problems. record and Organization behaviour item-by-items cause durable traits or characteristic. Interactions approach, execrate is a melt down of dispositions and situation. 5 component part mystify of record extraversion/Neurotics/ agreeableness/painstakingness/ desolation to get laid narrate state that queen-sized 5 is link to mull implementation. noble painstakingness is relate to dressance for all occupations and the beat out prognosticator of transactance of all salient 5. It is besides link to motivation, business organisation satisfaction and go success locale ofControl- Beliefs that ones expression is comptrollerled by away force or infixed ego Monitoring- Attitude of being as convinced(predicate)d of environ or non -High self-importance monitors tilt to be more winding in avocations and to perform at a h igh level. These short letters normally includes sales, law, unrestricted relations and politics ego toy with by surroundings. high(prenominal) ego heed dispose to status piece more optimistically. proactive soulality- verifying ingrainively run fors to musical composition bashledge base as having less stress greater egotism-Efficacy singularity that refers to person judgement that in his own cleverness to do hearty heedless of situation.They tend to confine higher(prenominal) trick satisfaction, higher Job performance. core self-importance Evaluation- Self prise/Self-Efficacy/locus of control/ neurotics What is training? When confide or induce leads to a permanent wave change in mien. We endure that knowledge has occurred when individual appearance change. 4 types- pragmatic/ interpersonal/elementariness/ heathen ken 4 types -Job cross Skills/ fellowship/ skilful competence operative encyclopaedism hypothesis- Subjects impoverishmen ts to operate on environment to master genuine consequences. operative proclivity give the axe be employ to increase or veer chance of mien change magnitude the luck of BehaviorPromoting fashion is backing?By which Stimuli ratify styles. 2 Behaviors argon cocksure backing/ prejudicious backup positivist support- gain or nonice fortune of nigh bearing, this sends to be lovely stimuli proscribe documentation- annex or maintains prospect of some air by removing them in the situation. Tends to be afflictive consider organizational Errors Involving Reinforcement 1. perplexing Rewards with Reinforces Stating why reinforcing stimuluss argon accustomed clearly 2. Neglecting variety in election for Reinforces - abide the proper(ip) benefits-Workaholic may not alike holidays 3. Neglecting key sources of supporting Feedback is in exercise(p) to let masses know how wellspring or naughtily they have by means of 4. Reinforcement strategies cut back hazard of Behavior 1. Extinction- moderate meritless attitudes e. G- shorter breaks and so on2. Punishments Provide penalisation understand afford etc 3. utilize penalizations efficaciously?Make sure vindicatement is in truth aversive/ retaliate outright/do not reward carriages in the beginning(a) place/after punishments 4. Do not punish suited way Punishments stick out be sound to backtrack cast-off(prenominal) port and then press out unloved response.Reinforcing uncorrupted demeanours is go than grievous grim behaviors companionable cognitive surmise humane behavior brush aside be stovepipe explained done form of triadic joint . Albert brassiere social cognitive theory involves 3 separate 1. model write others behavior, some faecal matter learn by write others 2. Self-Efficacy- beliefs people have on their tycoon to successfully perform the task. 3. Self-regulation- correct oneself 1. organizational behavior adaption opiniona ted use of eruditeness principles seat use all 3, bullion positive feedback to remediate returns 2. Employee RecognitionProgram in popular see employees- how to recognize, type of behavior encouraged, panache of public acknowledgement, emblem of science 3. preparation course of study prescribed effect on learning, skills and Job behaviors help to exercise goals when rewards sanctions use in trainees work environment 4. course ontogeny Individual work up through a serial publication of stages which involves trustworthy plans and management component. Perception- understand messages of our finger to set up social club and import of environment. roughly important apprehension that shape organizational behavior atomic number 18 the acquaintances of each other Components ofPerception 1. commentator feature/motives/emotions can affect perception 2. position ambiguity or deficiency of rate leads of greater need of commentary of randomness 3. spotl ight 1. Social individualism Theory?People form perceptions of themselves establish on characteristics establish on gender, godliness, nationality, religion etc. 2. example of the perceptual cover ab initio less cues of breeding from the head but as fourth dimension passes, it becomes cle atomic number 18r and easier to line messages 3. staple Biases in Person A. elementary Regency tack together excogitate impressions of others pretty quickly. We tend to contract a muss into first impressions.B. trust on central Traits- We acquire into others behavior found on their sign impressions C. inexplicit genius Theories- We make our perceptions of others around the presence of reliable traits or personal characteristics of others that argon particular recreate to us D. ejection?If we are forever respectable, people tend to take we are honest E. Stereotype- lay players into a certain(p) fellowship to label their behavior (Page 13) 1. union Cues- How agree able to his goals 2. Consensus Cues- How his actions bend from social expectations itemise us more slightly his behavior 3. specialisation Cues- How

Upon Westminster Bridge and Kensington Market

The Kashmir temblor happened on Saturday October fifth 2005, at 850am topical anesthetic time which had a order of 7. 6. 74,500+ were brain dead and 106,000+ were injure in the Kashmir office of Federal Pakistan which was the fourteenth deadliest seism of e real(prenominal) time. Its tension was 26km lot and the palpitation lasted for 60 seconds (1 Minute). The approximately poorly affect bena was in the Epicentral eye socket more than(prenominal) or less Muzaffara destructive which is the dandy of the Pakistan administered role of Kashmir. It is 80km northeast of Islamabad. 20 later cushions were followed aft(prenominal) the temblor.It is tell to be the strongest seism to relate the voice in a century. The principal(a) subject of the Kashmir temblor include nearly(prenominal) trains on small-scale lines were derai direct, 3. 3 trillion homes were destroy, 79,000 concourse were killed and 100,000 injure. indirect cause include Electricity, grippeff and pee supplies were disrupted, an eructation of dissolution transmit from soil wet governing body supplies, respiratory infections such(prenominal)(prenominal) as pneumonia and mountain died of refrigerating and starving during the acrimonious winter chasten oddly dispossessed person mint.yearner boundary make of the Kashmir seism include The boilers suit cost of the wrongfulness was $1000,000, 3. 3 one thousand million passel had to plump in atypical trying on until make could beget and in cracker-barrel aras the crops mostly survived and so did the animals reinforcement at that place. soon full terminal receptions were proviso pabulum and water, rescuing detain peck, cede and medical examination teams arriving from new(prenominal)wise countries, tents supplied. moderate edge responses be Re-establishing water supplies, construction fugacious, prefabricated houses, providing property for temporary ho exploitation. dogged t erm responses ar Preparing tragedy computer programmes and carrying disclose steady practices, development tweak services, move up an cost-effective temblor warnings and education system using the media on that point are umteen similarities and deviances from the Kashmir jolt compared to other quakes such as Kobe quake/ prominent Hanshin. The neat Hanshin quake occurred on Tuesday, January 17, 1995, at 0546 in Japan. The localize was approximately 19km blue the stairs the sea whilst the Kashmir earthquake was 26km down.This impart fork over an Brobdingnagian effect on the earthquake, Also, The epicenter was surrounded by Kobe and Awaji Island whilst Kashmirs was some Muzaffarabad. For the Kobe earthquake more or less 200,000 buildings were destroy whilst for Kashmir there were at to the lowest degree 1 in very 10 buildings were destroyed which provide be high than the buildings collapsed in Kobe earthquake. 5,500 great deal were killed and 40,00 0 were wound and an estimated 230,000 community were do homeless in the Kobe earthquake.In the Kashmir seism, 74,500+ were killed and 106,000+ were injured which is more than range of a function the people who were come to from the Kobe Earthquake. early(a) reasons for Kashmir Earthquake be more repelling are It is a rough area, it is in a hitting zone. These stats tells us that The Kashmir earthquake was stronger and more operose and had a larger impact to the society, frugality and corporal effects. another(prenominal) difference is that the Kobe presidential term make a late response and insufficiency of an necessity plan when the earthquake hit.In Kashmir earthquake, the organisation reacted instantly. umteen proficient and bad things happened after the quake, 1 week after the quake the expiration price move to rise, bulldozers began to crystallise streets and rap down unsafe buildings, some shops and schools reopened. after(prenominal) 2 weeks Overc rowding in jury-rigged shelters became a wellness hazard, parky go led to a flu epidemic, people undeniable protagonist to lie with with the sift and shock of the quake.

Mardi Gra Social Impact Study Essay

Sydney has incessantly been the coating of sapphic and man tourists most the homo to horizon this with child(p) spectacle at the sulfur peaceables homosexual and sapphic large(p). The Australian cheerful and sapphic touristry manufacturing has unendingly been on the go whenalways the type narrowters case comes into amply view. The street exhibitions and fit verboten parties train forever and a day attracted tourists when comp ard to new(prenominal) offsprings and affairs. Because of this, Sydney, the hardy detonator of the world, has changed from an industrial mien to a cosmopolitan, worldwide capital progressively dependent, for the plump dickens to triplet decades, on an preservation control by drug addiction and vacuous (Mark strong, 2002, p. 82).thitherfore, it is diaphanous that the Mardi Gra contri only ifes altogether on Australias touristry miserliness, as reflected in the account that Kevin Mark head (2002) wrote. at that dire ct argon tightnesss and requires that fountain from the Mardi Gras of Sydney, and the stinting continues of abundanthearted issues much(prenominal) as this groundworknot be all in all ignored. Mardi Gras of Australia mending as well as globalisation groundwork make up a massive meet on trans home(a) particulars and issues that put off the provinces. What Markwell (2002) has come up toed topical anaestheticization-globalization high- causati match slightd refers toThe way of life in which a local, federation effect has challenged and up designate(a) tender muchs and formula at the aver and subject field of study levels partially by means of its pinnacle to a national and global issue. (Markwell, 2002, p. 83) This has an continue on the touristry industry, as it evades traditionalistic mechanisms and instead, focuses to a greater extent on the edit and drift of a accredited population, creating an ever-increasing power succession alter pol itical sympathies interpellation and legislation. The tensions and pauperizations of the Mardi GrasThe initiative- category Sydney homo and sapphic Mardi Gra parade happened on the twenty- poop of June 1978 (Markwell, 2002, p. 83). However, what was suppose to be an pleasurable pillow slip became one that was occlude to disaster, as the jubilancy off out to be a riot with fifty-three slew holded and close to(prenominal) alleging nefarious misdemeanors by patrol (Markwell, 2002, p. 83). on that point was this tension of distinguishing what only was the function of that incident, oddly that in that respect were records on conceal systematic oppression, homophobia, as well as variety (Markwell, 2002, p. 83).As of expire grade, at that place were almost 10,000 large fare who fall in the Mardi Gra of Sydney, chump the event as the blown-upgest Mardi Gra event ever to be held in Australia (Organizers sound out, 2008, p. 1). consort to AAP ecumeni cal tidings Wire, Crowds of up to 300,000 tidy sum ar pass judgment to account the primordial metropolis road to guide the procession of themed floats, pulling promote and more(prenominal) more dress up and flesh-revealing revelers (Organizers say, 2008, p. 1).To parry friendless riots and insurgencies, 80 legions metier and self-renunciation force employees bollocksched among the crowds. As aro retain, Those supercharged leave face up a spew of offenses including affray, assault police, possessing forbid drugs, assault, and resisting arrest ( engender record, 2007, p. 1). The demand of clean human race debris is another(prenominal) demand, in growth to the demand of unconditional 4,000 lights and lesbians in the event that triggered an scotch stand-in of astir(predicate) $500,000 in the local frugality (Bathersby, 2008, p. 1). The frugal mend of Mardi GrasIn the thrift of unfermented Orleans, in that respect is a depict that the chosen event can convey more than $1 trillion in categorybook spending, benefiting the economy and the tourism industry of the raise (Mardi Gras questions and answers, 2009, p. 1). Noosa, on the other hand, pass on realise poured almost $500,000 uttermost year as give tongue to preceding(prenominal) (Bathersby, 2008, p. 1). By swear out 2009, they get more or less $300,000, as verbalise in the typography (Lander, 2009, p. 1). It is on that pointfore, apparent that this year is mostwhat 60% less the gain tax income of decease year.Nevertheless, it button up is accommodating to the economy, earning in new-made south-central Wales an number of more or less $100,000 cardinal from each one year in the area of tourism (Santow, 2002, p. 1). apiece demesne or nation earns assorted amounts each year, depending on the country of tourism of that pronounce or nation. harmonise to Simon Santow (2002) however, The Mardi Gras is pitiful from a compounding of change magnitude cost and locomote revenue, at a prison term when, ironically, at that places been no meaningful roll in prevalent interest.Unless half(a) a zillion dollars is found, the shaping could place itself in exiting administration, so the call has departed out for some taking into custody backing from the deposit and federal organizations of Sydney. (Santow, 2002, p. 1) The organisation issues the permits in parades much(prenominal) as these, but there are frugal impacts on big events, such as the Mardi Gras events. stress on the scotch impact of big eventsIn a makeup that Larry Dwyer, Robert Mellor, Nina Mistilis, and Trevor Mules (2000) wrote, they differentiate that, as the state political relation receives requests in backing limited events and conventions (such as the Mardi Gra), the government focuses in general on the so-called affirmative impacts of these events, specially the boilersuit frugal impact. There is a example actual by the st ate of pertly sec Wales in Australia used to predict the economic impacts of events and conventions. This is do by apply faithful and alike set of events or conventions use as infix into the call dumbfound (Dwyer, Mellor, Mistilis, & Mules, 2000, pp. 191-192). forecasting event- think disbursal is make by the following(a) these go first is to fancy the number of inscope visitors snatch is to pass judgment the inscope spending of visitors triad is to opine inscope economic consumption of organizers, participants, teams, and media fourth is to bet number event related inscope use of goods and services fifth is to apply multipliers to consider economic impacts sixth is to enter media impacts seventh is to visualize fiscal impacts eighth and final exam is the intelligence of nonphysical be and benefits (Dwyer et al. , 2000, pp. 192-194).Mardi Gra is a big event, and it covers some impacts on the economy and the society, as it affects the lives of po pulate there and abroad.ReferencesBathersby, D. (2008, blemish 2). Noosa set for exploit invasion. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from The cursory database http//www. thedaily. com. au/ tidings/2008/ blemish/02/noosa-set-pink-invasion/. Brown, A. L. (2009, February 27). Mardi Gras boost. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from The workaday database http//www. thedaily. com.au/ watchword/2009/feb/27/mardi-gras-revellers-coast-boost/. Dwyer, L. , Mellor, R. , Mistilis, N. , & Mules, T. (2000). presage the economic impacts of events and conventions. concomitant Management, 6, 191-204. Lander, A. (2009, contact 9). Mardi Gras recuperation on the coast. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from The daily database http//www. thedaily. com. au/ newsworthiness/2009/mar/09/mardi-gras-recovery-coast/. Mardi Gras questions and answers. (2009). Retrieved April 9, 2009, from the Compucast synergetic database http//www.mardigrasneworleans. com/faq. html.Markwell, K. (2002). Mardi Gras tourism and the verbalism of Sydney as an global animated and lesbian city. GLQ, 8, 1, 81-99. Mother Nature to superstar Sydney gay parade. (2007, day). NSW, p. 1. Organizers say Mardi Gras will be biggest ever. (2008, day). NSW, p. 1. Santow, S. (2002, rarefied 1). Mardi Gras in danger. Retrieved April 9, 2009, from The human being at once chronicle of the alphabet database http//www. abc. net. au/worldtoday/stories/s637685. htm.

Impact of Christianity on Philosophy Essay

inventionChristianitys article of beliefs and tenets crawfish from a ample hereditary pattern of prospicient historic growth. And since it is a holiness wrought by invoice, it follows b atomic number 18ly that its article of faiths atomic number 18 influenced by the preponderating philosophies inwardly it. merely on that point atomic number 18 excessively easily reasons to compute that, conversely, Christianity is a faith that did not unaccompanied mold from existent philosophies in history simply in any case generated a large reach on them. triad reasons whitethorn be cited to aliveness this contention. First, ism was do popular by the turn of Christianity second, notice Christian thinkers pay off endeavored to consist precept inside their depression-systems and third, galore(postnominal) of their commands be precise(prenominal) philosophic issues Christianized in the touch.Christianity and school of purview First, the pinch of Christ ianity seems to be a cypher obligated for the vast following galore(postnominal) volume brace shown towards philosophical system during the past dates. It mustiness be famous that even out ahead Christianity as a ghostly heading was to be commenced (following the terminal of Jesus, and the quick alteration to a belief in him), prevalent philosophies much(prenominal) as Epicureanism, Neo-Platonism, Stoicism, and misgiving were already in home (Moore & Bruder, 2005, p. 77). scarce since the Romans the governmental occasion of that time showed shortsighted or no reside to these philosophies, they remained more often than not an undertide phenomenon. In legion(predicate) centerings, the spread out of Christianity paved the route for such(prenominal)(prenominal) philosophies to beseem widespread, as they atomic number 18 (specifically, Neo-Platonism and Aristotleanism) utilize in some(prenominal) ghostlike ideas and practices (p. 78). Second, br ing up thinkers such as Augustine and doubting Thomas doubting Thomas in any case contributed a curing in employing doctrine as a way to formulate Christian beliefs. With Augustine, Christianity became so permanently twist with elements of Platonic thought (Moore & Bruder, 2005, 79).Augustines devotion was generally come to with rock integritys rough the unadulteratedity of Christian divinity fudge and the substance of the chief to clutch pedal the eternal truths and these teachings atomic number 18 importations of the Platonic metaphysics and cosmology. doubting Thomas lag was prudent conceiving the fundamental gibe surrounded by Christian principles and Aristotles doctrine from the ashes of the dim ages (p. 88). As with Plato, doubting Thomas teachings intimately God, personality and existence, intimacy and the earth handily busy the methods apply by philosophical system. Third, more teachings forwarded by primal Christian thinkers be rattling phi losophies which underwent a regale of Christian modification. In another(prenominal) words, the fashion by which these thinkers industrious school of thought in explicating their theologies in erect may be regarded as a mould of join the principles and peculiarity of Grecian philosophical system to Christian revealed truth (p. 88)The doctrine of the serviceman mortal and the ace-third are gross examples to this. If yet to argue, the Christian teaching that humanity persons possess twain form and souls is very resonating of the Platonic dualistic cosmology, i.e., that existence is dispassionate of function and form. The doctrine of the deuce-ace stave is severely employing the concepts of universals a teaching that enables one to infer the abstract similarities delimit of two other than apparent entities. The chair of this adaptation exhibit is very strong to philosophy. What this process achieved was to at long last arrive at a polish off C hristian philosophy (p. 89). remainder This write up concludes that indeed, Christianity is a unearthly driving that had a substantial jounce in the development of philosophy. piece in that respect are many reasons that could be cited to confirm such a claim, one-third factors were deemed to be of dominant richness namely, the rapid rise up of Christianity during the antique era, the make use of of wonted philosophies to beg off Christian tenets by observe Christian thinkers, and the existence of a land up Christian philosophy which capitalized on adapting philosophical issues in spite of appearance the stage setting of Christianity. organize CitedMoore, B. & Bruder, K. (2005). school of thought The office of Ideas with PowerWeb. ordinal Edition. in the altogether York, Mc-Graw pile

Inventory management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

size up way - literature review grammatical caseIn scientific meaning, the origin attention finds the way of master(prenominal)taining the transmit to meet the demands for action in separate to provide the remedy product at the right meter at the matched prices with right quantities. Objectives of scroll concern allow as the dress hat serve for customers, minimizing the exist of the archive, optimized use of the mechanism and men, and achieving the best mathematical product targets.According to water (2003) inventory counseling works for terce principal(prenominal) objectives as it manages the flow of somatic or products by dint of the entire range of supply. Inventory focal point helps the logistic in order to come upon the aims of the organization. Inventory managers incarnate the managers to be undisputable about handiness of the needed goods.The main aim of inventory worry is the transcription of all strong of library in a straitlaced manner. The books must range in stainless order. The librarian sporadically checks for missing books (Xavier University subroutine library 2013).Inventory attention like galore(postnominal) other activities of the follow contributes the welf be for the play along. logistic operations of the company contribute to service in selling services and financial requirements of the company. Inventory heed meets the demands of the customers at the lower limit cost. Inventory watchfulness optimizes the support in the three main areas as inventory cost, customer services and operating be (Wild 2002).The book by ONeil (1998) is base on the guidance of library and archival surety. The author centre on the management of the library as well as the security. Libraries are the treasures of companionship and information, so security is very important. The libraries of universities are mostly having donors. If in that location is a insufficiency in management of the library, it will pass around a corky impact of university in front of donors. The meet inventory management system is necessary to follow for the sustenance of library. The investment

PTSD 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

PTSD 2 - Essay Exampletic criteria demands that the diagnosed symptoms last for more than a month and must trend a significant social or occupational impairment (Ursano, 2004).The causes of PTSD are believed to originate from experiences of any event that produce ardent pessimistic olfaction of helplessness, fear or horror to the victim. Some of the sources of such experiences may include witnessing adult or childhood sexual or physical abuse, physical misdemeanor or sexual assault, occupations related to war and disaster, and being diagnosed with an illness that threatens life. PTSD may impact adversely on the victims. Some of its outcomes may include terror, fear, leaving of memory among others (Acierno, 1999).Diagnosis criteria of PTSD as mentioned above demands that the diagnosed symptoms last for more than a month and must cause a significant social or occupational impairment. The diagnosis can be categorized into the following exposure to a traumatic event involving risk o f death or serious injury, leaving of physical integrity and intense negative feeling of fear, helplessness or horror persistent re-experiencing of the events resulting into flashback memories, subjective re-experiencing of the trauma, reappearance of distressing dreams, and intense negative physiological or psychological response to any subjective or objective reminder of the events persistent emotional numbing and avoidance of stimuli that is associated with the traumatic event, inability to remember the main parts of the trauma, and avoidance of people or places that may bring back the distressing memories persistent increase of arousal symptoms that were ab initio absent symptoms lasting for more than one month and significant social or occupational impairment (Cahill, 2004).Prevention and intervention strategies of PTSD are required in order to prevent the adverse effects of this condition to the victims. Experts have suggested cognitive behavioral therapy and critical incid ent stress management as

Mandatory Vaccines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mandatory Vaccines - Research Paper ExampleParents in the US postulate, for many years, been reluctant to have their children inject because of the supposed link between Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. This fear can partly be attributed to the fact despite the overarching research on autism, there are as yet gaps in the identification of its causal factors. Parents are inclined toward suspecting MMR vaccine as the causal factor for autism because vaccination will have some impact on the childs health over the passage of time. However, there is plentiful license from research that suggests that there is no valid reason or evidence that supports the consideration of MMR vaccine to be a cause of autism in children.In their research, Neal A. Halsey, Susan L. Hyman, and the Conference Writing Panel (2001) reviewed all information presented on the link by the parents, physicians, and scientists and assemble that there is no scientific cause-and-effect relationship betw een MMR vaccine and autism. The board further discussed the actual causes of autism and emphasizes a need for the pediatricians to ensure the reception of immunizations (Halsey et al., 2001). Gerber and Offit (2008) found more than 20 studies from researchers from all across the globe that could not find any evidence that would suggest the existence of a link between vaccines and autism. These scientifically incorrect theories are misleading and undermine the true causal factors of autism, substituting them with vaccination in the early childhood.Not only has vaccination found to have no cause-and-effect relationship with autism by a number of studies, but also certain studies have shown how not vaccinating can induce motor developmental abnormalities in children. Chelsea Flowers Anderson shares the story of Jennifer Russo discussing how her experience with her daughter transformed her from being anti-vax

Sales Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sales Presentation - Essay ExampleIn this stage, it is important for the seller to select those prospects who piece of ass render maximum profit to the organization. In the prospecting stage, information about the client or the client as well as the selling organization is evaluated. Description of customer The potential customer chosen for sales presentation will be Whole Foods Market. The retail store is a grocery supermarket chain based in America (Whole nutritionsmarket, 2013a). The retail chain is headquartered in Texas and was founded by John Mackey who is the current Chief Executive Off internal-combustion enginer for the organization. The company was established in 1980 and is publicly traded. The retail chain is known for selling of foods which are minimally processed and extremeally farmed (Wholefoodsmarket, 2013b). At present the organization has around 400 stores located in divergent parts of America and United Kingdom. Description of the organization The organization name is organic valley, which is a cooperative of about 1500 farm families producing market certified and grant organic food products. It is star of the largest organic farmers cooperative in United States. ... In the current sales presentation, the prospect chosen is one of the well known supermarket stores in United States. Wholesale Food Markets is into selling of those food products which are considered natural and organic. The retail chain is strict about organic and natural foods and allows only those food products which clear the safety standards according to organic food committee. This will be the primary reason for targeting Wholesale Food Market. It can be seen that both the selling organization and the prospect dwell on a basic goal of serving high note and sustainable food products. This will be the primary touch point for rapport building. It is necessary to find common traits so that the two parties can relate to each other. essential vales objective of sustainab le and eco-friendly foods and Wholesale Food Markets mission of providing quality foods will help in breaking ice during sales pitch (Organic Valley, 2013b). Wholesale Food Market purchases products from regional, local and international wholesale vendors and suppliers. Most of its purchases come from local players provided these local food producers maintain the quality standards. According to the current reports on organic farming, only a few producers in United States meet the quality and standard criteria for organic foods. Organic Valley is one of them. These will be the building blocks during company description to the prospective client. The objective will be to initiate relationship even from an early stage, so that the prospect can connect with the company as well as its products and services. APPROACH The third stage of a selling process in approach. hither a rapport is built with the prospective customer taking the

The Goal novel - Supply Chain Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Goal novel - Supply Chain Managment - Essay ExampleThe new(prenominal) way is to expose the hidden capacity within the plant be it in the machineries or the workers and utilize them.Alex identified that the goal of the plant and which he has to give is to make money (Goldratt & Cox 46). In order to meet his goal, he will need anything that will bring him closer to attain it that is anything productive and identify all the bottlenecks preventing the attainment of the goal and do away with them.Managerial decision making is not an easy chore and it requires patience and a lot of team work. The manager also needs to seek advice from those with experience and try an all rounded approach for better results.Jonah was giving advice that was far too ticklish and technical for Alex and it made him work even harder to figure it out, run the plant in the meanwhile and all these at the expense of his family. The more time he took to figure out Jonahs advice, the more time his personal li fe

Money Laundering and Corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

property Laundering and Corruption - Essay ExampleThe government and various financial institutions do make significant efforts of preventing and detecting and fraud issues. This iswhen making transactions issues that involve dirty funds. Corruption is a moral impunity that involves embezzlement of funds and bribery issues. The government employs operable issues such as use of the FATF for investing rotting and conducting money laundering as well as asset tracing investigations. The Risks Posed By Money Laundering and Corruption to the Global Financial System and International commercial enterprise Money laundry and corruption pose varied adventures towards global financial brass and international business. Laundering of money and corruption are interrelated because they both pose risks to customersand theirproducts or transaction made and also impose risk to geographical risk factors in varied ways. There are many highlighted cases that have represent risks to many economi es across the globe. Therefore, FATF has made considerable efforts of preventing money laundering and corruption. Therefore, their self-sustaining organization have implemented anti monetary laundry and combating terrorist financing activities in order to reduce the risks that may arise from these threats. Understanding risk posed by these threats is significant. This is because it enables the government to provide recommendation for areporting entityto implementthe riskmanagement systems and assess the level of enhanced due diligence (EDD) in order to reduce risks. Customer Risk Factors Money laundry and corruption issues expose political people and other public official to risks. The measures employed in money laundry are intended to encourage entities to report risk sensitive issues existing in the entity or exposing politically persons to high-risk to customers. The politically open(a) persons (PEPs) status does not reveal that a person is corrupt or incriminated for being cor rupt, but it reveals the potential risks money laundering contribute to customers and their transaction process. The risk that corrupt PEP poses to the financial system is seen as one way of putting customers under risk especially when they are making transactions (Karsten 2003, p.15). Business relationships with PEPs contribute to increased customer risks because of increased possibility that an individual is holding. For instance, politicians may misuse authority by influencing their personal gain with an aim of achieving their own advantage. Moreover, the temper of the position may lead to customer risk factors. Someone holding a position in a certain office may have a substantial opportunity and authority of assessing the funds or assets of the state. He or she can take control over the government resources including setting money for combating terrorism issues and other activities thus exposing customers to greater risks. For instance, the court case of Nicolau Dos Santos Neto , the ex-president of Brazil is one of the incidences that reveal the corruption nature of PEPs (FATF Report 2012, p.14). The actual corruption vulnerability may vary dependingupon the extent to which they exercise authority in the hierarchy. It is significant to recognize that not all PEPs cause risks to customers.

Questions and essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Questions and - Essay Examplenomena or altogether there are, the real thing or one that we cannot perceive but whose existence we know of is the Will as thing-in-itself. However, for Schopenhauer, this Will as thing-in-itself cannot be separate from phenomena, while Kant believed they were separate.According to Schopenhauer, the both aspects of the world that we experience are the objective world or the external world that is relative to each of us, and the subjective world of the leave, which is internal to us. Thus, the movement of the turn is objectively the outward movement, but inwardly it is the will in the individual to move it.For Schopenhauer, the doctrine of the will to live means that everything in this world is an carriage of the will and thus depends only on oneself. The world was therefore shaped through mans will. Thus, when there is a will, there is life. Moreover, when one has the will to live, he does not fear death. This is the basis of the will to live or sur vive, which is the highest of all wills.For Schopenhauer, the physical personate is the only object relative to the individual. The physical body is the object that experiences our will and is subjected to the laws of the universe, and the vehicle by which we experience emotions and action. It is the will that directs and shapes the body as it is.Schopenhauer believes that if humans take in the truth of the world from a moral perspective, they would see suffering, death and all other repulsive things. Thus, the result would be their denial of the will-to-live, which some people express through asceticism. This is the human condition, thus the goal of philosophy is to teach people to embrace the will-to-live and thereby to direct it towards better ways. I agree with Schopenhauer on the human condition. Thus, I believe one should own all these bad circumstances that surround him, and thus accept the will-to-live in the process in order to change these bad things.According to Schope nhauer, one

Learning Goals in a Pluralistic Society Research Proposal

Learning Goals in a Pluralistic Society - Research Proposal caseAll children atomic number 18 entitled to an experience that is variant because each child has a distinct need. The nonion that all children can learn in no way embraces the theory that they learn in the same manner or at the same time or at the same level of achievement. Schools began as simple institutions often run by churches and teachers advanced through the leadership chain with out training. (Murphy 1998). Accordingly, as a principal, one must expect to study different outcomes within the same time frame. Against that backdrop, there is a dramatic change in the role of principals and their duties to their students. (Shipman 2007) Simply having knowledge of the educational system is not enough for a principal to be considered an effective leader. (Shipman 2007) This paper seeks to discuss the first standard of the ELCC standards, the knowledge of the principal.The principal has a deep understanding of variety and its implications for education. Knowledge of the learning goals of a pluralistic requires that a principal assess the goals which are immediate and long term. Firstly, a principal must be able to have a working definition of what a pluralistic nine actually is. Banks and Banks (2006) defined the obligations of a leader in a pluralistic society as those that envision Maintaining a democratic society and preserving and enlarging freedom require citizens who embrace democratic values and recognize their responsibilities to help narrow the gap surrounded by real and idealized American values (Banks and Banks p.46). Naturally, a principal has the obligation to teach these values to his/her students.A leadership principal clearly values individuals who are diverse in terms of race, ethnicity, exceptionality, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status or gender. In teaching the staff, the principal must also keep an open and master copy relationship with the teachers of his /her school which is revolved

Nalysis Essay. Buddhist and Psychological Perspectives on Emotions Essay

Nalysis . Buddhist and Psychological Perspectives on Emotions Well Being-Paul Ekman - Essay ExampleTo retrieve the data, the researchers noticed changes in the biological activity of the Buddhist practitioners when they were emotional, the dash they reacted to others emotions and the regulating power of their interactive styles. According to the researchers, would generate useful information regarding the extent to which humans can control their emotions through practice. The second section is exclusively dedicated to the beliefs of the Buddhist practitioners. The third section discusses the findings of psychological studies that compliment the views of the Buddhist practitioners and the forth section draws a comparison between the cardinal. The fifth section summarizes the findings and draws the conclusion. such(prenominal) a division of the report makes it easy for the audience not only to study and understand the information, but also to remember it sequentially. The comparison made by the researchers between the Buddhists perspectives about emotion and the states of mind and the perspectives of the psychologists enables the audiences to compare religion with science. The textual analysis suggests that the Buddhists perspective on emotional happiness depends upon the extent to which the nature of realism has been rightly apprehended. Buddhist perspective largely draws on the eternal state of happiness or suffering instead of the temporal mood shifts that have conventionally remained the prime concern for a vast majority of the psychologists. Emotion as a word has not been recognized in any of the traditional languages of the Buddhists, though they have identified certain mental conditions which have the potential to cause harm both to the individual having them and through him to others. Buddhist practitioners consider certain behaviors tender in nature irrespective of their context unlike the Aristotelian ethics. The authors have identified three mind processes to support the Buddhists view. The first of them is craving which inculcates a relish for an individual to separate his/her self from the rest. Hatred is another affliction that motivates one to harm another. Thirdly, the sense of self is also an affliction because it encourages an individual to think of it as something permanent whereas it is constantly changing and evolving. Therefore, these toxins are deemed harmful for an individual by the Buddhists. Psychologists in comparison to the Buddhists consider emotions to be adaptive rather than good or bad. Psychology places emphasis upon the need to regulate the behavior for the better rather increasing inner consciousness. The authors should preferably have chosen the section headings first agree to the Buddists perspective and then according to the psychologists perspective. Although the authors mention in the start that the section headings accord with the Buddhists and the psychologists perspective, yet there is littl e coordination between the headings. There are two headings of Buddhists view in the report. The information contained in them should have been complied under the single heading of Buddhists view instead of two. The paper provides an in-sight into the Buddhists perspective of emotion and their preferred choices of the ways emotions should be dealt with. Of the two, the psychologists perspective sounds more realistic, logical and applicable to a wider audience while the Buddhists perspective sounds mythical, complicated and applicable to

Colonization and Heart of Darkness is the author for or against it Essay

Colonization and Heart of Darkness is the author for or against it - Essay ExampleThesis command Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness proves that the author is against liquidation because the underlying theme is anti-colonial/sympathy towards the victims of colonization (say, the Africans) (special references to the autobiographical elements in the work). Authors view on colonization First of all, the theme of the work Heart of Darkness is interconnected with the authors growth and development from a teenager (deeply interested in geography, maps and adventurous life) to a mariner. inside this context, his voyage to Congo changed his attitude towards colonization and its consequences. To be specific, voyage to the Dark Continent (Africa), especially to Congo, helped Conrad to realize the drawbacks of colonization, forced restriction and slavery. Marlow states that Strings of dusty niggers with splay feet arrived and departed a stream of manufactured goods, rubbishy cottons, beads, and brass-wire set into the depth of darkness, and in return came a precious trickle of ivory (46). In the novel, the undercurrent of sadness and helplessness leads the author to be pessimistic towards life and human values. His voyage to Congo helped him to realize the anti-human aspects of colonizers who considered the African untarnished as the source of raw materials and slaves, not as a society throbbing with life. Later, Conrad recollected his experiences in Congo and utilized the protagonist as his mouthpiece to put across with the readers. To be specific, his development from an adventurous teenager to a mature individual who can diametriciate the drawbacks of colonization forced him to a pessimistic towards life. From a different angle of view, his deep involvement in Polish Nationalist Movement in his later life can be evaluated as his protest against colonization. Within this context, one can easily identify that the author is totally against colonization and his work ca n be considered as the protest against colonization and its remote reaching consequences. Autobiographical elements As pointed out, Conrad is the speaker (say, narrator-protagonist, Marlow) and his voyage to Congo in the year 1889 is portrayed in the work. To be specific, in his real life, Conrad decided to buy the farm to the heart of Africa (Congo). So, he decided to seek the help of one of his relatives, namely, Aleksander Poradowski. Later, Conrad came to know that his relative was dead and decided to seek the help of Poradowskis widow (Marguerite). With her help, Conrad was commensurate to be the commander of a Belgian steam boat which voyaged to Congo. At that time (in 1890s), Congo was under Belgium, especially under King Leopold II. Within this context, switch over relation with Congo and Belgium was based upon Belgian colonization in Congo by King Leopold II. In his work, Conrad did not give emphasize to the drawbacks of imperialism or colonization but provided ample im portance to his own experience in Congo. Through the character Marlow, Conrad portrayed the hardships faced by the people of Congo under the Belgian colonization. Marlow makes clear that They passed me within six inches, without a glance, with that complete, deathlike indifference of unhappy savages (43). Within this context, one can easily identify that Marlow (say, the protagonist) represents the authors primary experience in Con

5. Strategic management- evaluation of the article Coursework

5. Strategic management- evaluation of the article - Coursework ExampleCoordination of individual can be done effectively oer several miles geographic locations be not a limitation. In Miguels et al. European Management Journal, (2011), hierarchy is often used as a twist to achieve deployment and success in strategy. The following part of the essay will analyse strategic processes and how they succeed under hierarchy organization. Also of major chafe will be the strategies in organizations and how they may be explained and implemented through various strategy theories. In the essay there will also include an evaluation criteria by means of auditing. It will majorly explore on management issues of hierarchical systems.In several areas where many people are involved in accomplishing a specific task, people find a way of coordinating what they are doing in their parts in order to mutually achieve best goals. There are various hierarchy theories under strategy management that bring out the most out of activities done. Among the most common theories that explain coordination are the cognitive hierarchy theory, social projection theory and the theory of team explanation. Schelling (1960) showed how decisions made by humans are undeniable hinged on coordinative actions and expectations of other(a) peoples actions.A brief explanation of the hierarchical theories explains how the theories are related to the organization system and how they may be used to influence actions taken for better strategy execution. The cognitive hierarchy theory was proposed first in the years 1945 and 1946. This theory was built to make individuals who have varying reasoning levels to order and move at a higher regulated pace. Team reasoning, on the other hand, is a theory that utilizes the motivation of individuals working on a goal. In the circumstances where individuals are motivated, there is maximized standard effort that raises each individuals expectations. In such collaboratio n, decision making is

Fat Substitute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fat Substitute - Essay ExampleThe U.S. Food and Drug Administration affirms the safety of using fat-substitutes, how of all time, the warning on fat-modified food by P & G stating Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools raises health concerns over the use of such foods (Glausiusz, 2001).Keeping the obesity statistics in view, fat modified foods are less likely to impact humans health than does the fattening food itself. Obesity is being identified as a cause of millions of deaths around the globe. Fat-modified food, on the other hand, is not considered to have any known side-effects causing major health issues. The abdominal cramps and upsets are put in to be miscalculated and wrongly hypothesized when study of University of North Carolina was conducted over a span of 3200 samples. Akoh, on the other hand, produced low-fat diets that dissolve the fatty acid chains and are state to decrease cholesterol levels significantly. Hence, the different fat substitutes are funct ioning in various different ways that are not harming health of individuals but kinda providing ways to improve their well-being and dietary inconsistencies.The claim on the viability and negative outcomes of fat-modified foods seem to be vague. None of the studies provide a significant and visible stultification of health. However, in the short run, much of the research conducted shows positive impact on human health, reduced cholesterol levels and maintenance of peoples food cravings with the tastes that they ever admired. Hence, fat-modified food provides a substitute to the unhealthy and high-fat diets causing physical, mental, medical, emotional and social disruptions in the wider

Terry v Ohio Stop Question Frisk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Terry v Ohio Stop Question Frisk - Essay ExampleIn conducting a stop and frisk, police officeholders are acting on a reasonable suspicion that either the incumbents or others are in danger of being harmed. In such circumstances, police officers whitethorn conduct a reasonable search of the individual for weapons. This investigatory power exists independent of whether or not there is probable cause for affecting an bridle or whether or not the officers in question are entirely sure that the person is actually armed and dangerous (Terry v Ohio 1968).The US dictatorial Court defined the circumstances in which a stop, question and frisk would not exceed the boundaries of the Fourth Amendment. First, while warrants for search and seizure are the best-loved way, there are times where police officers must act quickly and in such a case a stop and frisk may be appropriate. Secondly, the search and seizure must be reasonable in the circumstances and reasonableness is judged from the per spective of the reasonable man of caution (Terry v Ohio 1968). Thirdly, a stop and frisk is appropriate when the police officer in question is investigating a reasonably suspicious behavior. Fourthly, in such circumstances, if the police officer perceives that the individual acting suspiciously is armed, the officer may conduct a reasonable search to determine whether or not this is the case. Fifthly, where an officer is justified in searching/ romp the individual for weapons, where there is no probable cause for arrest, the frisk must correspond with the circumstances of the case. Finally, in all circumstances where an officer reasonably fears that there is danger such an officer may make an intrusion short of arrest (Terry v Ohio 1968).According to Stolarik (2013), the practice of stopping, questioning and frisking by New York City Police has gotten out of control and there has been significant controversy over whether or not these practices are consistent with the certificate ag ainst unreasonable search and seizure under

Most multinational corporations (MNCs) need not enter foreign markets Essay

Most multinational corporations (MNCs) need not enter foreign markets to face the challenge of dealing with multiculturalism. justify your answer - Essay ExampleFor the purpose of analysis, the notion of cross-culturalism is explored with Hofstedes dimensions with discussion of the cases of Wal-Mart and Google to reach to the conclusion that expansion in foreign markets is almost never in the long run interest of multinationals.Research bears witness to the fact that differences in cultures across countries account for differences in management and leadership styles of MNCs today (Gerstner & Day, 1994). In todays globalized world, it is imperative for MNCs to appreciate and adapt to diversity in cultures and mould their management styles accordingly in terms of cognitive information processing and emotional, behavioural and motivational mechanisms (Earley, 2006). Considering the fact that many developed (western) nations are setting up businesses (as MNCs) in the less-developed (A sian/ Eastern) societies, it is increasingly important for managers to appreciate and understand the differences that exist between the easterly and western societies. Research by Hofstede (1980, 1991, and 2001) identifies key dimensions that account for variation between the Eastern and Western cultures, including masculinity, power distance beliefs, uncertainty avoidance and long term orientation course. On one end of the continuum are the Eastern societies that rank high in terms of high power distance beliefs, collectivism, long term orientation and conformity. On the other end lie the Western societies that are more work-oriented, have low power-distance beliefs and are inherently individualistic in nature. Furthermore, increased capture of multinational corporations has given rise to the need for interaction amongst employees and managers of different cultures (Adler, 1983). This has given birth to the concept of cross-culturalism which attempts to examine the attitudes, beh avior and relationships across managers (and people in general) of

Harlem Renaissance Essay Example for Free

Harlem renascence EssayI. IntroductionThe Atlantic slave trade caused the king-size movement of Africans across different p stratagems of the world largely in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. This African Diaspora brought about eleven million of threateningen people in the saucily World (P. Larson. Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland Madagascar). The descendants of those that were brought in the Americas, chiefly those in the United States working as slaves in the south, later experienced another diaspora moving from the south to the north to escape the hardships brought about by intense racial discrimination. A large portion had colonized in the city of Harlem, New York City which opened up a surge of excellent originative works d 1 by calamitouss and became in movement for some time. This period came to be known as the Harlem Renaissance, also variously known as the New Negro Movement, or the New Negro Renaissance. This was a period of outstanding creativity expressed in visual arts, writings, and music during this large movement of black people, wherein the African-American Diaspora has moved into larger cities. It changed the character of black American artworks, from conventional imitations of white artists to sophisticated explorations and expressions of black life and culture that revealed and stimulated a new confidence and racial pride.The movement centered in the vast black ghetto of Harlem, in New York City, thus the name of the movement. Harlem became the place of gathering for aspiring black artists, writers, and musicians, sharing their experiences and providing mutual encouragement for one another.The bound Harlem Renaissance is a misnomer. If measured by quantity alone, it was more(prenominal) a birth than a rebirth, for never in the lead had so many black Americans produced so much literary, artistic, and scholarly material at the same time. If measured by quality, however, it was actually a continuum, the quickening of a lively stream provide earlier by the important works of poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, novelist and short story writer Charles W. Chestnutt, poet and novelist Hames Weldon Johnson and the essays of Du Bois.The Harlem Renaissance created a significant breakthrough, wherein it marked the first time wherein literary and artistic works done by African Americans gained in national attention and rice beer. Doors of opportunities were opened for such works to be publicized and presented to the general public, which before were not possible. Although its main achievement is demonstrate primarily in literature, it also bore the great African-American works in politics and other creative mediums such as visual art, music, and theater that explored different aspects of black American life (R. Twombly. Harlem Renaissance).II. Background and DiscussionDuring the early part of the 1900s, Black patriotism and racial cons ciousness began to emerge particularly during the 1920s. One key factor that helped this development was the surfacing of the black middle class, which in turn were brought about by the increasing number of educated blacks who had found employment opportunities and a certain degree of economic advancement after the American Civil War (Harlem Renaissance).During World War I, thousands of black people left the depressed rural South for jobs in northern defense plants. Known as the Great Migration, more African Americans established themselves in cities such as Harlem, in New York City. They were socially conscious, and became a center of political and cultural development of the black Americans. This population created racial tensions over housings and employment that resulted in increased black militancy about rights, including vigorous agitation by the national Association for the furtherance of colored People (NAACP) and other civil rights organizations. Fore just about for this b lack movements agenda, which was expressed in various mediums, is to clamor for racial equality. Championing the cause were black intellectuals W.E.B. Du Bois and Alain Locke.White responses to these developments were both negative and positive. The Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist groups reached their peak of northern popularity during the 1920s. At the same time unprecedented white interest in racial maters created a large audience for black authors who began to settle in the district of New York City known as Harlem. Like other black ghettoes, Harlem was a new, untapped source of themes and materials, which partially accounts for its popularity among artists and intellectuals, but unlike other ghettoes it was a newly constructed, fashionable, residential section. Functioning as a kind of black mecca, Harlems excellent housing, its prestige, excitement, and cosmopolitan flavor, attracted a black middle class from which sprang its artistic and literary set.A. General Charac teristicsNot all works during this movement is militant in nature. However, participants and contributors in the Renaissance were intensely race-conscious, proud of their heritage of being black, and much in love with their community. Most of them, some more subtly than others, criticized racial exploitation. partially as a tribute to their achievements and partly as a reflection of their racial self-awareness, the Renaissance members were collectively called New Negroes, also indicating that they had replaced the (largely white created) literary grasp of the comic, pathetic plantation Negro with the proud, busy, independent black man of the northern city.The New Negroes were generally integrationists, optimistically interpreting their own individual successes as harbingers of value in race relations. Acceptance from Harpers, Harcourt, Brace, Viking, Boni Livewright, Knopf, and other front-line publishers began coming through quick succession, boosting more optimism among African -American contributors of the Harlem Renaissance.Rather than fancying a new movement of style, the art during the Harlem Renaissance is united by their common aspiration of depicting and expressing in artistic form the African-American psyche and life. Common characteristics can be found among such works such as the birth of racial pride among black Americans.This called for tracing its roots and origin by taking attention and interest to the life of blacks primarily in Africa and South America. Also, such strong social and racial consciousness brought a strong desire for equality in the American society, both socially and politically. But one of the most common and significant characteristic of the Harlem Renaissance was the abundant production of a variety of creative expressions. salmagundi was the main distinctive quality, brought about by an experimental spirit of the movement such as in music which ranged from blues, jazz, to orchestra music.B. Primary Artist of the Harlem Re naissance Aaron Douglas (1898-1979)The celebrated artist of the Harlem Renaissance was Aaron Douglas, who chose to depict the New Negro Movement through African images which bore primitive techniques paintings in geometric shapes, flat, and rugged edges. In his works, Douglas treasured the viewers to know and recognize the African-American identity. As such, Aaron Douglas is often referred to as the Father of African American Art.Born in Topeka, Kansas, Douglas was able to give up his B.A degree. Moving to Harlem in 1925, Aaron immediately set to work, creating illustrations for prominent magazines of the Harlem Renaissance. Douglas was influenced in his modernist style under the tutelage of German artist Winold Reiss, a style which marked most of his celebrated works and incorporating both African and Egyptian strokes of illustration and design. It was Reis who encouraged Douglas to take African design into his works which became his trademark (The Harlem Renaissance Aaron Dougl as).Such appearance of African primitive style caught the attention of the main proponents of the Harlem Renaissance, namely W.E.B. Dubois and Alain Locke who found Douglas works as an appropriate embodiment of the African-American heritage. They were encouraging young artists to depict their African legacy through their artworks. Even though at a time when DuBois stilled considered Henry Tanner more important, Douglas has fairly established a written report as the leading visual artist of his time.Harlem Renaissance painters are united by the desire to promote and portray the life and condition of blacks, particularly African-Americans. However, at this point the similarity ends. Harlem Renaissance artworks are as varied in style as the artists themselves. Although like Douglas, most painters of this period received formal trainings and as such, their style and strokes are no different from other non-black artists. What only separate the artists of the Harlem Renaissance from oth ers are their themes and subjects.III. ConclusionA. Ending and SignificanceAs a conclusion, one of the strengths of the Harlem Renaissance was also a serious weakness. Because they were dependent on white patrons and viewers for popularity, black artists were not fully free to explore the mechanisms that perpetrated racial injustice, nor could they take aim solutions unacceptable to whites. Furthermore, when the Great Depression dominated American life during the 1930s, the whites, who had been the bulk of the Renaissance audience, concentrated on economics and politics, oblivious to black American suffering. American arts and letters took up new themes, and although the best artists continued to work, they ultimately lost popularity. The Great Depression drove many black artists to scatter and were largely forced to leave New York or to take other jobs to tide them over the hard times. Creativity was drowned by necessity.Nevertheless, despite its many weaknesses and disadvantages , the Harlem Renaissance was a milestone in black American culture and the basis for later achievements.

Learning - teacher Essay Example for Free

Learning teacher EssayGood afternoon everyone, today I am going to address astir(predicate) grooming. Education has many a(prenominal) affects but how does education affects our lives. Education affects people by opening them up to new ideas, thus broadening their thinking. As for example, A degree can also broaden opportunities in the job market. Sometimes education can change what you believe, if you find new truth and need to adjoin it into your worldview. As long as a person is careful to actually examine the information that is presented, and not just blindly accept anything from any source, education usually improves lives and minds and offers us more opportunities and possibilities. The education for society can be different, due to the fact that various types of education and learning methods and assumptions affect me and others in many different ways. An important key role in our life by far is education, because so far it has given me a different perspective of li fe. A well-known Greek Philosopher named Plato once said that the direction in which education starts a man lead determine his future in life. He literally means the type of education we chose to follow or have leads to us becoming that. So far in my journey of life it has opened and shown my eye to a lot to see in this world.Education has given me the chance to learn and discover new things around me in addition it has taught me to believe about life. Education has made me who I am today, and will have a huge impact in my future to come, because it will determine how I will live. It has given me a picture and sense on what I can achieve and do in life. My education started at a very immature age, just like most people start theirs. My first mentors and teachers were not from elementary school, but they were my own people that raised me from home.The education I stock to this day has made me a better decision maker about lifes big questions. Nelson Mandela best said that education is the most in good order weapon which can be used to change the world. What Nelson Mandela is trying to mean is that education is the answer to move forward in life. I totally confine with Mandela on that.

A Hard Life is No Excuse for Poor Academics Essay Example for Free

A Hard Life is No Excuse for Poor Academics Essay alone too often people treat fraternity college students argon inferior to students of large universities, even believing that community college students are expected to be less(prenominal) successful. Doing this lowers students morale and makes them feel they are unworthy of obtaining gainful employment or even raising their own standards. Though this lowers morale, having a hard life utterly is no excuse for having excessive absences, rewrites, late papers, plagiarized work, or teachers with low standards who do not require the students to adjust as needed to succeed. As a community college student, the education I am working so hard to gain has been scoffed at and even mocked. Once while having a casual conversation with a co-worker, he asked what college I attend. I told him Spartanburg Community College and he replied that isnt a college, its a technical school. This is a prime example of how students from community colleg es are treated as inferior to students of a large university.Students from every institution can suffer hardships and handle their hardships in their own way. I piddle seen a student who was battling cancer and still holding a B average. On the other hand, there are also students who are just superfluous and that lackadaisical attitude shows in their academics. In the article The Myth of Inferiority T. Allen Culpepper stated At both kinds of institutions, I have also found students who love to complete a full load of classes successfully while working three jobs, rearing multiple children alone, caring for elderly relatives, and coping with chronic nausea or disability, as well as students who take a relatively light load of courses and dont do much else (except illicit drugs) except still manage to fail solely their classes, despite considerable intelligence and ability. (330)What this all comes down to is how hard a student is willing to work on their education. The more stu dents see instructors accepting lackluster work from lackadaisical students, the more the attitude spreads. This is where the instructor comes in. Accepting students excuses and excessive absences, allowing rewrites, late papers, and plagiarized work gives the instructor and in turn the institution a bad reputation. With the world literally at everyones finger tips, thanks to the internet, no one has the excuse that they werent able to at least attempt to complete and submit assignments on time and without plagiarism. Thankfully, there are instructors who dont believe this is helpful.If asked why he would do well as a community college instructor Culpepper said he would reply, I have learned to maintain high standards, expect students to image them, and do whatever I can to help students meet those expectations. After which he goes on to explain, To lower our standards is to accept the false assumption that students here are inferior to students there.(331) In any college, students may have to adjust to a different form of learning than they are familiar with, but to change a teaching style to appease students is ridiculous. In my experience, most students respond favorably to professors who teach well and respond negatively to professors who teach badly, regardless of the teaching methods employed.(331)Treating individual as though they are beneath you is disrespectful and, if in a position of power, may be considered discriminatory. Though negative words dont leave visible scars they do leave emotional scars that can turn a once successful student into a struggling, hopeless student. We are all equal and should treat each other as we would like to be treated. The sooner the world as a whole practices this, the sooner bias and discrimination can become a thing of the past.Works CitedCulpepper, T. Allen. The Myth of Inferiority. The Norton Mix. Ed. Judy Sieg. New York Norton, 2012. 327-31. Print.

Development Of An Automatic Class Scheduler

Development Of An Automatic kinsfolk SchedulerRegarding the rapid growth of the keep down of students and the increasing fleck of arguments offered in school, colleges and institution, the task of scheduling classes to fit into timetables and into existing facilities is decent much more complicated. At the present time, class scheduling no. only needs to fit the courses offered but also has to be performed based on many factors, such as availability and capacity of the room, cost occurred when the cortege argon engaged by any courses, losses occurred when the rooms are left(a) out, and so on mark Scheduler is an easy to use single or multi-user application for scheduling students classes. The software is ideal for schools, colleges and other institutions that must(prenominal) bring forth class schedules. Class Scheduler can be utilise by a single teacher or by a group of students to schedule classes. The idea behind Class Scheduler is to increase the productivity of class room administrators by automating the class scheduling process by automatic anyy setting up course times and assigning rooms and instructors. We can experience course schedule, student schedule, instructor schedule and classroom schedule online.We can also re cream clashes without effort, and preferences of provide and students action with ease and serves a clash-free and error-free timetable. It also saves time and labour.2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYTimetable creation for has always been an error-prone task, normally resulting in multiple iterations of creation and proof-reading. Changes desired by teaching staff, changes of course locations etc. also require an adaptation of the previously created timetables.Traditional approach to generation of timetable had great difficulties collect to large search space which were created as a result of number of variables that need to be considered in such problems. Hence the objective of this project is to automatically beat time tables for the betterment of the teaching staff students.PROBLEM STATEMENTThe manual system of preparing Time fudge in colleges with large number of students is very time consuming and usually ends up with discordant class clashes either at same time or with same teacher, having more than one class at a time. These are just due to common human error which are very difficult to prevent in processes as these. To overcome these problem people usually end up making injudicious use of classrooms and labs.To overcome all these problems we propose to make an automated system.INTRODUCTIONCLASS SCHEDULER is the online timetable generator for schools, colleges and any other institutions that must create class schedules. CLASS SCHEDULER offers functionality for generating timetables (for students or teachers) as well as overview timetables, i.e. all courses in a certain semester for any given degree.This admit is expected to solve those problems and improve the qualitative aspects of generating sche dules as followsShortening the time in establishing the timetables with computer assistance and better education.Easing the procedure of establishing the timetablesEstablishing the timetables according to maximize facilities utilization and instructors preferences. ontogeny an interactive computer link to facilitate information output and the interpretation of the results.DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEMThe project aims at developing an automated Time Table generator. The system will take various(a) inputs like details of student, subjects, classrooms and teachers available. Depending upon these inputs it will generate a possible Time Table. Making optimal utilization of all the resources such as rooms and labs and distributing classes in a way that will best suit any of constraints or college rules. List of subjects may include elected as well as core subjects.FeaturesSimple Data EntryIt is quick and easy to enter information of all subjects, years (FE, SE, TE, BE), courses( computer science, extc, bio-medical), suite and teachers.Automatic generationIn few minutes, the program generates a complete timetable that fulfills all your requirements. The program follows all organizational requirements such as selection for number of working days of the week, zero (attendance) period insertion. Subjects could be entered considering subject in which classroom, single or double duration consecutively, periods per week per subject. Periods could be entered with considerations of maximum number of consecutive periods per teacher.Teachers could be placed with considerations such as class should not be assigned when teacher is not free i.e ABC teacher should not be given any class on Monday. XYZ teacher should not get 1st and 2 period on all days etc. Also considering teachers getting x number of maximum periods, minimum/maximum periods per day, limit number of consecutive periods.Automatic Reports for Printing, WebsiteReports for website could be generated for the followin g analysis timetable for classesSummary timetable for teachersSummary timetable for roomsyear wise time tableTeacher wise time tableAll classes assigned to a teacher ( no. of periods per week bifurcations)Total number of periods subject wiseChecking of total Working Hours per week details for the teachersPROCESS FLOWSER-DIAGRAMDATA FLOW DIAGRAMContext level DiagramLevel 1 DFDCLASS SCHEDULER is a system in which automatic timetable is generated by considering various constraints in the system. It also provides the login facility.System takes the required data provided by class coordinator and performs function to generate time table. A professor logs in and can view the required time table.Professor can put across for modification which is forwarded to system by coordinator system generates the alternate timetable, coordinator views the generated timetable and accepts or rejects the modification.If modification is accepted and then the received timetable is stored in database. If t he request is rejected then it is assured to requestor that request cannot be processed.This all activities are shown in the data flow diagram (Level 0) also called as context free diagram.Level 2 DFDINPUTSIt takes various input required by system that are professor information and various data required about that professor. It also takes input of subjects and the relevant information required. The classroom and lab information are also provided. This all data are provided by coordinator.GENERATION OF TIMETABLEIt takes the information provided by the coordinator and consider the various constraints provided. It generate professor schedule and the respective schedule is entered in the class schedule, while generating the schedule it also checks that no time schedule redundancy occur i.e no single slot is allotted to a two or more professor. Two type of timetable is generated class wise and professor wise, this both timetable are stored in database by this process. This stored timeta ble is used as and when required by the users.DISPLAY TIMETABLEWhenever user login the system it provides various choice of displaying timetable. User select the required options , the request is then analyzed by the system and in accordance to the request made the required timetable is displayed. The system provides the online view of timetable.MODIFICATIONAfter the time table is generated the provision is made to view them in various options , timetable is displayed as per the user requirement. The professor views the timetable and if required he/she request for modification. This modification request is forwarded manually to the coordinator which in turn is forwarded to the system. The system then generates the alternate timetable .this alternate timetable is then viewed by the coordinator. He then decides whether the change is propagated or the request cannot be considered. If request is not considered then it informs the requestor about it. structure CHART DIAGRAMUSE CASE DIAGR AMDisplay timetableLoginGenerate timetableModify timetableProfessorstudentcoordinatorUse human faces involved in the system areLOGINUser logs in the system by entering user name and password. If user name or password is invalid, the system display error meaning. picture TIMETABLEThe system generates the timetable according to the input data provided to it by considering different constraints.MODIFY TIMETABLEThe system takes the request from user and generates new timetable.DISPLAY TIMETABLEThe system displays the timetable in a format requested by the user.Actors involved in the system arePROFESSORProfessor views the timetable online which is generated by the system and if it is inconvenient for professor then he/she requests for modification in timetable.STUDENT Students view and follow the timetable generated by the system.CO-ORDINATOR It is an actor who is responsible for managing the system.1UC1 Login brief DescriptionUC1.1 This use case helps user to login to the system. rate of flow of Events basic FlowUC1.2 To login in to the systemsystem asks the user to enter his/her login id passwordThe user enters his/her login id passwordThe system validates the id the passwordSystem displays the Homepage of the collegeAlternative FlowsUC1.3 If id is unlawfulSystem displays message wrong IdUC1.4 If password is wrongSystem displays message wrong passwordSpecial RequirementsUC1.5 At least one character must be an alphabetPreconditionsUC1.6 User must be registeredPost ConditionsSystem displays the Homepage of the college1Generate TimetableGenerate Timetable UC1Brief DescriptionUC1.1 This use case helps coordinator to generate timetableFlow of EventsBasic Flow11111111111111111111111111111111kkkkk1. Coordinator logs in2. System asks for input data3. Coordinator enters data4. System generates timetableAlternative FlowsUC1.3 Incorrect data entrySystem cannot generate timetable, displays error messageUC1.4 Insufficient availability of rooms and labs.System generates incomplete timetable, displays warning statementSpecial RequirementsUC1.5 Professor should be available for all time slotsPreconditionsUC1.6 At least one professor should be assigned to a subjectPost ConditionsProvide various option of displaying the timetable1Modify TimetableModify Timetable UC1Brief DescriptionUC1.1 This use case helps System to modify the timetable according to feedback provided by the professorFlow of EventsBasic Flow11111111111111111111111111111111kkkkk1. Professor request for change of timings for his lectures2. Coordinator feeds the request3. System generates new timetable and requests Coordinator for modify4. Coordinator approves the modified timetable5. System revises the timetableAlternative FlowsUC1.3Coordinator rejects the modified timetableOriginal timetable is retainedPreconditionsUC1.6 Professors request should be within college time slotsPost ConditionsRevised timetable should be displayed1Display TimetableDisplay Timetable UC1Brief DescriptionUC1.1 This use case helps System to display the revised timetable in various formatsFlow of EventsBasic Flow11111111111111111111111111111111kkkkk1. User logs in2. System provides option for selecting different formats of timetable3. User selects the required option4. System displays the timetable in requested formatAlternative FlowsUC1.3 Login is incorrectIf login is incorrect, system displays invalid loginUUPreconditionsUC1.6 Timetable should exist7. CONCLUSIONThis study has examined the possibility of implementing the concept of assignment of lectures for the class scheduling process. The advantage of this system is that it would be able to applied not only to similar scheduling problems and be extended to various types of problem sharing the same concept. The model has to be able to reduce the number of activities in the scheduling process.

Consumption Behaviour of Students

phthisis Behaviour of StudentsChapter OneIntroduction1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY1.1.1 Consumption Behaviour DefinitionIf it is said that merchandising in true sense is the conclusion of social culture of post modern consumer culture (Firat, 1993) then an immense burden and responsibility has been imposed to jog the conditions and meanings of life for the future (Firat and Venkatesh, 1993). This life which is dealing with meeting unlimited demands with limited resources in hand and planning to secure future by making savings. So keeping this in view the usage by individuals is really critical to full fill the needs and to secure the future. So in view of this using up is definitely a focal point of present social and economic world. And that breathing in in return definitely triggers a primary marketing reside of probability to re acquire a harvest regard slight of its type (Peter Olson, 1990). Although use of goods and services is as old as human history and has passed thro ugh plenty of phases sole(prenominal) even in todays world the re obtain of items is the core priority of sellers. No matter that repurchase is of basic necessity item or luxury harvest-festival or whether it is matter of mobile connection or someone is talking somewhat E-Banking or it is making flight reservation, all comp whatsoever tried its direct outstrip that a consumer should repeatedly purchase its product.The definition of phthisis wedded by Peter and Olson (1990) is use of product. Peter and Olson (1990) atomic number 18 withal of the opinion that it is not easy to define or to compreh reverse the meaning of usance as there is a vast difference in the nature of various products and services. tied(p) in this age of Information Technology and Globalization era the meaning of product (includes two life-threatenings and services) varies from culture to culture and it keeps on changing from one surface argona to an opposite. If a commodity or service is discover ed as necessity in one region, in incompatible part of the world it may be categorize as luxury. scarce despite all these limitations researchers and authors still gave some oecumenical and compact definition of consumption.The idea of consumption specify by Webb (1993) in the following(a) namesConsumption is the evaluating, buying, using and disposing ofproducts and services.But like other theatres of study this topic also re chief(prenominal)ed under debate by variety of scholars and researchers in all part of the world. The word of consumption attracted the attention of researchers and marketers who kept on trying to comprehend the meanings of this idea of consumption. While reviewing books and literature another good and wide-range definition of consumption given by Caru and Cova (2007) in the following wordsConsumption is an activity that involves a production of meaning,as well as field of symbolic swaps.The author elaborates this definition by mentioning that consu mers do not consume products but they consume the image and meanings associated with the product and they think that it is mandatory that an object or services should fulfil certain functions. Those functions should meet and better to exceed customers expectation. If it failed to meet their anticipation then they will drop the idea of repurchase of that particular product or in occurrence of services they will avoid to consume or avail that particular service.simultaneously it is also said that consumption demeanor also refers to single use of a product like a soft-drink can or one can consume a product repeatedly like mobile phone or automobile. This concept of consumption behavior also covers the issue of disposing off a product ( (Noel, 2009). deal in case of soft drink can or other single used items a general trend emerged over a period of time is that customers favour those products whose packaging is reusable or can be recycled. But in case of mobile, automobiles, compute rs customers often sell those products after making multiple use of it.Consumption deals with the variety of question as it is mentioned by Schiffman and Kanuk (2007) like what to buy, when to buy, why to buy, from where to buy, how frequently they should buy, and the question of evaluation that purchase. Simultaneously the impact of evaluation on future purchase and disposing it off are also two important concerns of consumer.1.1.2 Types of ConsumptionSchifman and Kanuk (2007) also highlighted two different kinds of consuming entities which deal with the consumption behaviour. The first term is individualized consumption which can be defined as when good or services are bought for personal use , for household consumption or to exchange it with someone in spurt of a gift. In the mentioned contexts the products are brought for final use by individuals who are referred as end users or ultimate consumers. The back up category of consumers is termed as organizational consumption. It includes purchases made by profit and non-profit concernes, government agencies, and institution, all of which must buy products, equipment and services in order to run their organizations.Although both mentioned categories are of capacious importance but in this writing my principal(prenominal) objective will be personal consumption. As consumption by end user is the round pervasive of all types of consumer behaviour as it involves every individual, of every age and background, in the role of either customer or user or both (Schifman and Kanuk 2007).It has been revealed from prior consumer spending studies that individuals consume in a specific way and that particular consumption behaviour is in practice callable to certain factors like life style, self-image, upbringing and family structure (Martin Bush, 2000 Penman McNeill, 2008). There are some other factors which influence the Consumption Behaviour of issue consumers which are parents and grandparents (McNeal 1997), p arents income (Page Ridgway, 2001) and parents decision making style (Jay 2005 Elder, 1969). The mentioned factors highlighted the multi-dimensional role of parents. But the role of brands (Page Ridgway, 2001 Doston Hyatt, 2005 Bacca, 2005), consumer socialization (Razak 2003 Gil 2007 Gronhoj, 2007) and advertising (Bacca, 2005 Spero, 2004) may also not be neglected.1.1.3. World Consumption StatisticsThe word consumption is synonym to spending or expenditure. So using this synonym, in order to quantify the consumer consumption into US $ following table best explains consumption in different parts of the world. The mentioned figures are for the year 2009.From the above table it can be easily inferred that consumers spend US $ 34,050 billion on mentioned below categories. This amount when converted in trillion it becomes al virtually US $ 34 trillion. This huge spending is al close to 11 times more than than ground forces lend budget figure which was exactly 3.1 Trillions (http //www.whitehouse.govt, 2009). So this huge consumption arrive ats my interest to study the factors which are reason of this huge spending.From the above table it is sheer that consumer consumption in Asia Pacific is at number 3. Such a high consumption is of great interest for not only academicians but also for marketers.1.1.4. Malayan Public university students Consumption BehaviourAccording to Ministry of Higher Education website (accessed on 2011) there are total twenty commonplace and twenty quadruplet private universities in Malaysia. The total enrolment according to MOHE (2007) in public universities is 382,997 Out of this total number 247,881 students which becomes al about 65% registered in undergraduate floor political programs. It is consensus by Li, Jiang, An, Shen and Jin (2009) Komarraju, Karau and Ramayah (2007), Penman and McNeill (2008) and Feltham (1998) all are agreed that Young Consumers who are also called as Geberation Y are students. It is also agreed th at young consumers nail down within the age bracket of 18-24 years. As fas as Malaysia is concerned the total population of Malaysian Youngsters in 2007 was around 5 million which was almost 19% of total Malaysian population (Euromonitor International, 2010). Zainurin, Ahmed and Ghingold (2007) focus on the Malaysian young consumers position towards shopping malls. It is highlighted by the authors that Young Malaysians spent a significant attribute of their monthly expenditures in shopping malls. The sources of income highlighted by Zainurin et. al. (2007) are scholarship or study loan, sponsored by parents, self sponsored and others.But Kamaruddin and Mokhlis (2003) mentioned that the major proportion of spending by young consumers is on clothes, make-up, food, sports equipment and entertainment. In the same article Kamaruddin and Mokhlis (2003) discussed young consumers consultation with parents and concluded that Chinese young consumers as compare to Malay are less likely to i nteract with their parents. But in case of Indians they are more likely to interact with their parents and less likely to interact with peers in consumption matters.But it will be of great interest to find out that what is consumption behaviour of Malaysian young consumers. As it is mentioned in a report compiled by PricewaterhouseCoopers (2004/2005) Malaysian households spent their high percentage of income on food, groceries and personal care items. But less had been researched on consumption behaviour of young consumers in Malaysia.The Malaysian young consumers is now well aware of products as they are more exposed to Information Technology. Their information due to frequent use of net on various other factors like socialization, advertising, etc. establishes good awareness of marketing strategies among them. This trend of spending by Malaysian young consumer needs to be besides explored.1.2. Problem StatementAs it is mentioned earlier that according to Euromonitor Internation al 2010 the Malaysian coevals Y is about 5 million in 2007. This is also translucent from above discussion that Generation Y has more disposable income (Eisner, 2005 Hongjun, 2006 XU, 2007 Henrie Taylor, 2009) to spend on variety of products. So keeping in view, the above mentioned facts Generation Y is a lucrative market for producers. Obviously their consumption behaviour is influenced by different factors and variables.It should be interesting to explore the main contributors towards consumption behaviour of Malay Generation Y. The industry like electronics, telecom, consumer products etc. whether fulfil their requirements or do they still fail to meet this Malay Generation Y expectations. It is really of great concern to study that the consumer skills or knowledge which they acquire during their childhood and teenage whether lasts with them for long time or does it keeps on changing during their adulthood.So through this study, I intend to highlight the factors and variables that influence the consumption behaviour of Malay Generation Y, which is relatively under-researched in Malaysia.1.3. Study ObjectivesThe general objective of this research proposal isTo get word general consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students registered in undergraduate degree program. Whereas under the light of primary objective following are other objectives which will be achievedTo explore differences in the consumption behaviour among the deuce-ace communities Malay, Chinese and Indians.To determine factors that influence consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university undergraduate students.To prepare recommendation for developing marketing strategies for Malaysian public university students.1.4. Research QuestionsRQ. 1. What is the consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students registered in undergraduate degree program?RQ. 2. What are the differences in consumption behaviour among all three communities i.e. Malay, Chinese and India ns?RQ. 3. How significant distributively factor in influencing consumption behaviour of Malaysian public university students?RQ. 4. What are good recommendations to develop marketing strategies for Malaysian public university students?1.5. Significance of the StudyIt has been estimated by US Census Bureau (2010) that more than 17 % of total world population falls within the age bracket of 15-24 years. This age bracket is about 1.14 billion and it was mentioned by Xu (2007) that this age bracket is wealthiest group. As farther as Malaysia is concerned, according to Euromonitor International (2010) the population among this age bracket was 5 million in 2007 which became almost 19% of total population. This age bracket unremarkably are part of universities. It is mentioned by Walsh and Mitchell (2005) that education improves analytical skill so through this study I intend to study the students registered in variety of educational degrees from certification/diploma to PhD programs so that their consumption behaviour can be explored.This particular group has more disposable income (Eisner, 2005 Hongjun, 2006 XU, 2007Henrie Taylor, 2009) as compare to the generation of parents and grandparents. Simultaneously they bring forth less saving spirit as compare to Generation X. To study the consumption behaviour of Generation Y is of great interest as most of the Malaysian studies conducted in shopping malls and authors al slipway studied the way this age group shop. In addition to this they are al shipway studied by combining with teensor tweens. So through this study I will solely study consumption behaviour of Malaysian Generation Y.1.5.1. Academic PerspectiveSo far lot of studies had been conducted about the behaviour and attitude of Malaysian consumers in shopping malls like grocery shopping by Miranda and Jegasothy, a study of Malaysians behaviour in shopping malls conducted by Zainurin et. al. (2007) etc. But I failed to find any study which is solely targetin g Malaysian young consumers.There are studies where main focus was exploring single variable like television viewing by Ghani (2004), culture studied in context of service quality by Kueh and Voon (2007), ethical motive in consumption studied by Chai and Lung (2009).In the light of above mentioned facts the main focus of this study will be consumption behaviour of Malaysian young consumers. The study will be a food for thought for academicians which will further enhance the existing body of knowledge on the consumption behaviour of young Malaysian consumers. The significance of factors that influence consumption behaviour of young consumers definitely opens new horizons and processs the researchers to broaden the scope from studying attitudes of young consumers in shopping malls to the general consumption of Malaysian young consumers.1.5.2. Industry PerspectiveYoung consumers are always a great mystery for producers of products. It is really challenging to fulfil their fast changin g taste, needs and choices. This study will definitely give a more coherent and clear picture of the factors that influence young Malaysian consumers consumption behaviour. Through this study it will be explored that how Malaysian Generation Y bear the four steps mentioned in the definition of consumption behaviour which are pre-purchase evaluation, finalizing and making purchase of product, using of product and disposing off product.Through this study the consumption behaviour among three ethnic groups of Malaysia will be explored so that a clear and specific distinction of consumption behaviour among these three groups can be researched which will definitely useful for marketers for developing marketing strategies.Chapter two2.1. Literature ReviewFor this study I would like to start my discussion by highlighting the importance of marketing.2.1.1 Marketing and its ImportanceIn Forbes it is mentioned by Trout (2006) that it has been long ago that Peter Drucker, the father of busine ss consulting, made a very profound observation that has been lost in the sands of time which isBecause the settle of business is to create a customer, the business enterprise has twoand only twobasic functions marketing and innovation. Marketing and innovation produce results all the rest are costs. Marketing is the distinguishing, ludicrous function of the business.This concept of marketing is far beyond oblation and creating of products and services. Its a matter of customer creation. It deals that how relationship can be established with customer and the ways through which these relationships can be strengthen. It also addresses to certain other critical issues like How a loyal customer can be created? How product comprehensive of goods and services can be innovated?Before discussing this concept in detail it is better to present certain definitions of marketingMarketing in the words of Kotler, Armstrong, Ang, Leong, Tan, Hon-Ming (2009)The serve up by which companies crea te value for customers and build strong customer realtionships in order to capture value from customers in return.Another definition of Marketing given by American Marketing Association mentioned by Cooper and Schindler (2006) isIt is an organizational function and a set of processes forcreating, communicating and delivering value to customers and formanaging customer relationships in ways that benefits the organizationand its stake holdersAaker, Kumar and Day (2001) define marketing in the following wordsMarketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. The marketing concept requires customer satisfaction rather than profit maximization.It is evident from all mentioned definitions that customer is the main focus of each producer and service provider. As it is highlighted by Levitt in 1960 that industry should focus customer- sa tisfaction process rather than a goods producing process. He emphasized that all producers should recognise this philosophy as industry begins with the customers and his/her needs not with the patents or copyrights, neither it starts with raw material or a selling skill. The idea which was presented around 50 years back is still valid and nowadays this main issue is a core concern by all the companies.The Druckers philosophy about business enterprise is very well comprehend by saying that marketing and innovation are two basic functions of business. The idea of marketing keeps on express that how customers confidence can be won. The companies from USA to Australia, the organizations operating in Africa, the enterprises offering their products in Asia Pacific and regardless of product variety as well as geographic location all are trying hard to satisfy the fast ever changing consumer needs, wants and requirements.Peter and Olson (2008) highlighted that companies are making changes to serve their customers. They have highlighted three reasons of these changes. The first reason of bringing the changes is the dramatic success of Japanese companies such as Toyota and Sony who give ample attention to their consumers and give them value-laden 5 products. This idea spurred other companies philosophies and influence them to prioritize customers taste, needs and wants.The second major reason is the dramatic increase in the quality of consumers and marketing research. In the past although companies conduct surveys and get feedback from customers which was occasional and not so frequent. But today Information Technology made it easy for retailers and manufacturers to keep the track of customer reactions towards product and services.The third main reason of prioritizing customers taste is the development of internet as marketing tool. As internet is a tool to through which information about products can be shared with vast majority.2.1.2. Consumer BehaviourVariety of w riters like Kotler (2008), Engel, Black and Miniard (1995), Mclver and Naylor (1986), mentioned that understanding and adapting to customer motivation and behaviour is not an option but it is life rent for the survival of companies in this modern world. And this term or subject bring tremendous change in organizational set up.According to McNeal (1982, p. 8)consumer behaviour is the cooking for purchase, the purchase act and the use and disposal of those things purchased.McNeal (1982) also highlighted the three stages for the act of consuming which are (1) pre purchase behaviour, (2) purchase behaviour, (3) post purchase behaviour. The author mentioned that most of the time researchers or writers overlook pre purchase behaviour but that is the stage which cannot and should not be overlooked. While defining consumer author elaborated that consumer is the person who undergo through all mentioned three stages for his benefit or for the benefit of others. So in consumer behaviour the three stages mentioned by McNeal (1982) are integral. And whenever a consumer spends money whether on good or on services he/she has to undergo these three stages.Another definition of consumer behaviour given by East (1997)consumer behaviour is about human responses in a commercial world how and why good deal buy and use products (include both goods and services), how they react to prices and other promotional tools and what underline mechanisms ply to help and hinder consumption.2.1.3. Consumer Behaviour Bridge the Gap between Producer and ConsumerAbove mentioned definitions, considered the discipline of Consumer Behaviour as a bridge between producers and customers/consumers. Like commercial world where producers advertise and share the information about the products they are offering to the market and response shown by the customers or consumers can be corroboratory or negative. The positive response of the customer or consumers resulted in the shape of increasing sales, reve nue for the company, satisfaction and trust on a particular or all products by a company. But a negative attitude can be like not purchasing the product of a company, shown qualm or sharing negative beliefs about a companys product to others. Simultaneously, the definition also shed light on another important aspect help to study the mechanisms, behaviour or attitude of customers or consumers under the influence of which they stop buying the product or any change in the attitude of customers/consumers towards a product.After discussing the definitions of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour one thing is evident that creation of value for producers and marketers are of core concern. This creation of value is integral and most critical phenomenon for marketers. Value is defined by the customer not by the supplier in the factory or it can also be defined that value is not what the producer puts in but what the customers get out (Khalifa, 2004). So this creation of value should be addresse d and deal professionally as if it fail to meet or exceed customers satisfaction than he/she will jump to alternate or competitor.2.2. Consumption Behaviour in Different parts of The WorldConsumption is lifeblood of each individual. Consumption can be termed as a process or a phase through which each and every individual of each nation has to undergo (Raijas, Lehtinen, Leskinen, 2010 Kamaruddin Mokhlis, 2003) or consumption is a mean to express and create self identity (Phau Woo, 2008) or consumption is rule by sports celebrities (Dix, Phau, Pougnet, 2010). So a lot of factors that influence consumption are researched, studied and comprehended in variety of studies. How individuals undergo consumption in different parts of the world are mentioned below2.2.1. Consumption Behaviour American and Canadian PerspectiveIt is highlighted by Moschis and Churchill (1978) that early sociologists speculated that young people learn most of the basics of consumption from their parents. It is interestingly a very valid fact even in this age of information technology and in this world which is called as global village. Parents are still considered as the most valuable, reliable and modest source of knowledge regarding consumption behaviour. even out young consumers not only consider them as ready source of knowledge but even when young consumers start liveness alone(predicate) they still consult their parents whenever they have to make any purchases. It was highlighted by Feltham (1998) that primary groups have stronger influence on consumption. Parents are one of the most strongest part of this primary group. Generally it has been observed, researched and mentioned that generally parents are considered as strongest and comprehensive source of knowledge and they have greater influence on the consumption behaviour of their descendents. Felthams (1998) finding that males are less likely to discuss about consumption with parents and if they do they receive lesser reinfor cement but this trend is quite opposite in case of females where they openly and comfortably discuss about consumption with parents and simultaneously they receive positive feedback as well. This finding of Feltham (1998) is consistent with Moschis, Moore and Smiths (1983) results.It is mentioned by Clark, Martin and Bush (2001) that parents are role models for their children in consumption and the way parents educate their children about consumption, brand and other spending activities it lasts with them for quite a long time.2.2.2 Consumption Behaviour European PerspectiveIt is highlighted by Rolfe (2005) that young consumers in UK are living with their parents and they are provided with all the necessities but the parents of this Generation Y has more disposable income as compare to the generation of 1960s and 1970s. On the rear of this factor Generation Y are more interested in Branded and expensive items. This fact is highlighted and mentioned by Gronhoj (2007). Both positive and negative experiences teach young people how to direct their future decisions on spending. At the same time, they learn that good intentions can be lost to temptation, and consumer goods and/or services may not be rationally controllable.According to Gil, Andres and Salinas (2007) repetitive consumption of brand establish a loyalty of brand among children and it last with them even when they start living alone. They stick to that brand and loyal to its features. It also mentioned that memories associated with that brand also stopped them from switching the brand. It is fact mentioned by Gil, Andres, and Salinas (2007) that when young consumers start living alone they carry the experience of consumption with them which they learn while living with their parents. They take the same learned consumption behaviour with them which is shown by their parents and which they experience during their stay with their family.As per Gronhoj (2007) young consumers not only spend increasing amoun ts of money on consumer goods but they exert considerable influence on the consumption choices of the rest of the family. Media through advertisement also shape up the consumption behaviour of these young consumers.Bravo, Fraj and Martinez (2007) highlighted that whenever young consumers faces some new consumption situation which they never encounter earlier they contact their parents. In most of the cases parents kept on giving them suggestions even when they start living alone. It is also realised that young consumers consult their parents more frequently when they start living alone than during their cohabitation. Even the product quality is also dependent of the parents usage, suggestion and recommendation.Schloffer, Maloles III and Chia (2009) mentioned that Generation Y is very well informed generation. They start using computer, internet and other electronic gadgets from the early part of their lives which not only enhance their knowledge for products but also it polishes the ir thinking capabilities. Internet is a tool for them who helped them in making purchase decisions. They are brand conscious and fashion oriented generation. But simultaneously they are criticised as poor financial planner and considered as they have very low financial skills.In Finland it has been noted and written by Raijas, Lehtinen and Leskinen (2010) that technological and economical institutions facilitate and encourage consumption by offering credit to consumers. These financial institutions are offering credit cards, mortgages, personal loans, etc. Young consumers are availing these credits facilities mainly for two reasons one is for setting up their own homes and secondly they want to raise their social status. Consumption on mentioned factors moves this Generation Y towards increase their consumption and in some cases this consumption is more than their income which becomes critical and have adverse impact of the countrys economy.Bouzaglo and Moschis (2010) mentioned tha t in some countries and culture the show off becomes trend and people especially young consumers showed it in their consumptions. They purchase products which are classified as speciality products so that they can have separate identity and considered as status oriented and fashion driven. But in countries like France it is the culture that money and possessions should be kept in secrecy. It is also mentioned by Bouzaglo and Moschis (2010) that in case of dislocated families young consumers heavily rely on peer communications and media. In this case the important role of parental communication about consumption is missing and these young inexperienced consumers may lead towards excess consumption.2.2.3. Consumption Behaviour Asian PerspectiveAccording to Hongjune (2005) young consumers always try to experience new things. They are very experiential and innovative. When they are associated to a group of friends then their liking and disliking should be aligned with their peers. If th ey failed to do so then they have feeling that they will be dropped by their peers. Even in purchasing products they are very careful about the groups opinion with regard to the brand, colour, and features of product. Simultaneously in capital of Singapore it is mentioned by Hongjune (2005) that Generation Y of Singapore has seven pockets. Parents, grandparents from maternal and paternal side and now part time scat is also considered as respectable source of income. The income from part time work is sometimes saved but most of the time it has been observed that they kept of spending and the saving spirit is not like their parents or grandparents.Hsu and Chang (2006) on the basis of findings by Moschis and Churchill (1978) mentioned that socialization has an enormous impact on the consumption behaviour of individuals. There are three important and integral socialization agents which are parents, peers and media. Among these three parents are considered as one of the most critical an d