Verbal Image Translation Analysis Based Upon Ian Flemings From Russia With Love :: essays research papers

This paper deals with the problem of verbal image translation from SL ( English ) into TL ( Ukrainian ). The research is base on comparison of the original 1 337p. and Ukrainian translation 2 190p. of Ian Flemings James seize From Russia With Love A few words should be mentioned about the author and his book . Ian Fleming ( 1908 1964 ) was a great journalist and detective stories writer . In 1931 he joined Reuters news agency, and during the World War 2 he was a personal assistant to the Director of Naval Intelligence at the admiralty, rising to the rank of commander . At this time he acquired the first-hand experience of secret operations . He started his first James Bond novel Casino Royale at the age of 44 , by which time he became the orthogonal manager of Kemsley Newspapers . He wrote it in the Golden Eye , the house he had built in Jamaica . James Bond has won Ian Fleming the world fame , being the superior British fictional icon of the late 20-th c. The book is a bout a British secret agent James Bond , on whom every major(ip) foreign government has a file, and whom the Russias deadly SMERSH organisation has targeted for elimination they have the perfect bait in the irresistible Tatiana Romanova . Her mission is to lure Bond to Istanbul and seduce him, while her superiors handle the rest . Bond walks into the trap but he is always the one to win .The language of this detective story is in the main unexpressive, unemotional, and the stylistic devices ( SD ) that the author uses are typical of the genre the lyrical images are absent, most of the SDs are used as the means serving to create the vulnerability of the cold, ruthless world of constantly alternating death and fight for survival . Artistic images mostly are stylistically neutral , as no or little expressiveness or emotional colouring is present in them . The same concerns the idioms and phraseologisms ( of which the verbal image is the basic constituting element 3 28 ) occurin g infrequently . The translated counterfeit of art is percepted as the artistic one only provided that it corresponds to artistic and stylistic tradition of the TL 3 28 .

Prejudice and Racism †All We Need is Love, All We Got is Hate :: Sociology Racism Prejudice Essays

As the snow covered the house that my grandma occupies, I looked out thewindow to the neighbors front door,  their mailbox, and the government note drivewaythey had. It was just another home, where kids could build a snowman or throwsnowballs on the front lawn. But there where no children or snowmen here. Andbeneath  the snow, the news show N-I-G-G-E-R  was written in the grass. A family- ahome- where they had bothered no one. One night someone decided to take weedkiller and burn it in giant letters into their lawn. This is why our nation, themelting pot of many an(prenominal) races, needs to confront the problem and deal with whatreally is in front of us.                When I outgrowth really thought about this, I thought, this is notMississippi, or Alabama this is Michigan, and its in my grandmas neighborhood.And the thing is, their a normal family, just like any other. They went on tripsin the summer, and spring, and this time came back to a message on the lawn.                I sat there that day watching cars go by their house as if it werehaunted or something. I guess it can happen anywhere. But  this snow-coveredhouse is still a reflection of America, white on binding with a hatred burningunderneath. I go to a college, where the races meet every day. Colored man helpswhite man white man helps coloured man. Doesnt sound right ?  Thats how badour society has gotten. Disturbing? Of course. But what is more disturbing is,lately  when these issues of racism have come up, there seems to be peevishnessand annoyance. Does everything have to be racism? people ask. And theyrealways complaining that Its just a petite thing. No, its not.                People are always saying that there is little prejudice. But how is thattrue ? Its like saying youre a lit tle pregnant cant happen. But this isnothing new. How many times have you heard Hes fast for a white guy. OrWhite men cant jump, Or All black guys can jump and dance. And in realitythese are all hateful things to say. As whites, we are the majority, and dontalways realize it. And whenever theres  racist complaints, we say OK, wellchange with a sigh. Its the whites who go crazy to get black athletesautographs. They say We love you yet how many would let them date yourdaughter?                Although I say this, I do believe that some progress has been made. ButI do think that when youre the majority, you do have to guard against

International Eugenics Essay -- Genetics

Throughout the history of international relations, the study of human diversity has held a key role in establishing the political principles and recognise shared culture that defines nationhood. Nations have traditionally been associated with a specific geographic location and political ideology, but they also have cultural identifiers associated with this shared culture. These ethnical identifiers were thrust onto the world stage during the end of the nineteenth century with the introduction of the study of eugenics.The purpose of this study is to examine the historiography of the eugenics movement as it occurred globally, providing a comparative degree survey of programs, legislation and ideologies in multiple nation settings. In order to provide a global comparative study of international eugenic programs and ideologies, several(prenominal) disciplines will be followed, focusing on four major terms used to delineate eugenics, population, quality, territory, and nation. Although eugenics has been seriously examined by historians since the 1960s, international comparisons are a juvenile addition to the field of research, emerging near the end of the twentieth century. Even as these comparative studies become more popular, the majority of this research focuses on eugenics in Britain, Germany, and the United States. For these reasons, this study will attempt to highlight the movement outside of the Western world only drawing on their historiography as precedence end-to-end the global community.In 1963, Mark H. Haller published Eugenics Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought. As the first major history of American eugenics, Haller encapsulated the movement and only hinted at the biological doctrines of the Nazis and Soviet Union. Haller... ..., G. R. Eugenics and Politics in Britain, 1900-1914. (Leyden Noordhoff International Publishing, 1976), 4. Adams, Mark B. The Wellborn Science Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. (New York Oxford Univ ersity Press, 1990), 25. Adams, Mark B. The Wellborn Science Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia. (New York Oxford University Press, 1990), 25. Francesco Cassata, building a New Man Eugenics, Racial Sciences and Genetics in Twentieth Century Italy. (New York Central European University Press, 2011), 147-155. Stepan, Nancy. The Hour of Eugenics Race, Gender, and Nation in Latin America. (Ithaca Cornell University Press, 1991), 4. Broberg, Gunnar, and Nils Roll-Hansen. Eugenics and the eudaemonia State Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland. (East Lansing Michigan State University Press, 1996), 2.

Free Essays - The Stranger (The Outsider) :: Camus Stranger Essays

The Stranger     What is life for? Different religions have different takes on life. There are many government agencys to view life. The way life is viewed by an individual is the way his morals are set. Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and many other religions believe that a higher god sets morals and with the morals comes reward. some other camp, the existentialist, believes that life is absurd and meaningless. The existentialists believe valet de chambres live and humans die. They state that death is just a matter of time for everyone, a reality that is inescapable. In the novel The Stranger by Albert Camus, Meursault realizes that death is a subject that cannot be erased. Meursault comes to the conclusion that death is the end result for every humans life.   The nurse tells Meursault how the weather affects the human body. She says, If you go to slowly, you risk getting sunstroke. But if you go to fast, you work up a sweat and then catch a chill inside the church(17). The heats forcefulness is inevitable. No matter the pace, the weather is still an influence in the human body. Meursault realizes this and responds with She was right. There was no way out (17). Most people have a problem with destiny. They have been raised to be in control of their circumstances or their decisions. Therefore, the average person has a hard time coming to the acknowledgement that the inevitable will happen.   Meursault garbage downs an Arab. He is convicted for the murder. While in the courtroom Meursault is asked why he killed the Arab. The only response Meursault could give them was the sun. Meursault said, I never intended to kill the Arab (102). The judge replies and Meursault blurted out that it was because of the sun (103). Meursault did tell the truth, the sun did affect his judgment. Camus writes, The sun was starting to burn my cheeks...it was burning, which I couldnt stand anymore, that made me move forward (58-59). The Arab gets up and shows his knife. Because of the sun he is blinded in two ways. The first reason was because of the sweat in his eye. The second reason was because the knife was reflecting the light into Meursaults eyes.

Free College Admissions Essays: An Unforgettable Summer :: College Admissions Essays

An Unforgettable Summer Many hatful often mention the incident that of all timeyone in their life time will have an unforgettable summer. Well, this seemed believable after the summer I spent in Seoul, Korea. This trip is thus far the best summer in my lifetime that I have ever had the opportunity to be a part of. I remember from the first hearing spot for my own delegation in Portland, Oregon how I came to meet new people from all around the United States. The trip was off to a success ever since we left for Korea from the Portland Airport and my adventure was underway. I admire flying, but I gained new meaning when the initial dodging took about 13 hours. However, this was abundant because it gave many people from my delegation to mingle together and puzzle better acquainted with one an opposite. I know for me it helped tremendously because I am a demure person at times, so as the flight progressed I grew more comfortable with everyone. As my memory begins to extend eve n further I distinctly remember arriving at the Seoul Airport where we were befriended by some fellow residents of Korea involved with the Science Festival. As the first week was underway it was an incredible feeling as I interacted with many people from other countries and observed science lectures, and presentations. I remember seeing some excellent projects that were amonngst my own as we participated in the student presentation portion of the festival. One great moment for me was the talent show, where many countries presented themselves as a cultural representative of their native land. I remember I was supposed to perform in sum to presenting my science research report, but there was not enough time for every single person to perform, so I could not showcase my oral talent. However, one day we took a fieldtrip to one of the Seoul high schools and there were various people on the chartered bus from different countries, so people start singing karokee on the machine that was o n the bus. So needless to say I did my own rendition of a popular American melody and I was surprised to see the huge reaction out of everyone because so many people knew the song and cheered along. Many people also loved the fact that I sang it without the music because I performed it acapella.

Death of a Salesman Character Development Essay :: essays papers

Death of a Salesman Character Development Essay A persons attitude is mostly what everyone around him or her will facial expression them as. From this they can tell many things. Whether it is if the person is funny or down to earth or even irresponsible. Many times people change personalities practically and they would be classified as being a dynamic type of person. A person who is doesnt change is classified as being a static character. Willy, from Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, is a static character for his inability to grasp reality, his poor parenting and his constant lying to his wife.Foremost, Willy has a difficulty with his inability to grasp reality. As he grows older his mind is starting to slip. For example, when he talks to the woman and his brother Ben. Throughout the story, Willy dreams of talking to the woman, because the woman is a person that he was dating in when he went to Boston. He was cheating behind his wifes back. Willy basically us es her as a scapegoat when hes hallucinating about her. He blames all of his problems on the woman. For instance Willy says, Cause you do Theres so much I compliments to make for. (38) This is the evidence right here. Also he dreams about his brother Ben. Willy wishes could be more like his brother who has just passed away a duo of months previously to the story. He also wishes he didnt have to work and could be rich like Ben. He respects Ben for not really on the job(p) and making a lot of money. Another example of Willys hallucinations are when he says, How are you all? (45) This occurs when Willy is talking with Charley and he starts thinking about Ben. Willys inability to grasp reality never changed throughout the story.Willy also has very poor parenting skills. He has two children Biff and Happy. Willy excuses Biff for a lot of events when he was younger. If Biff stole something, Willy just brushes it off and says that is was no big deal. He didnt even care when Biff fai led math and did not graduate from superior school. He measured success in how many people you knew not what your grades are. In one breath Willy would say that Biff is lazy and then in the next say hes not.

Death of a Salesman Character Development Essay :: essays papers

Death of a Salesman Character Development Essay A soulfulnesss attitude is mostly what everyone around him or her will view them as. From this they can tell many things. Whether it is if the person is funny or down to state or even irresponsible. Many times people change personalities often and they would be classified as being a dynamic type of person. A person who is doesnt change is classified as being a static tone. Willy, from Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller, is a static character for his inability to grasp reality, his ugly parenting and his constant lying to his wife.Foremost, Willy has a problem with his inability to grasp reality. As he grows older his mind is starting to slip. For example, when he talks to the woman and his brother Ben. Throughout the story, Willy dreams of talking to the woman, because the woman is a person that he was dating in when he went to Boston. He was cheating shtup his wifes back. Willy basically uses her as a scapegoat when hes hallucinating about her. He blames all of his problems on the woman. For instance Willy says, arrive at you do Theres so much I want to make for. (38) This is the evidence right here. Also he dreams about his brother Ben. Willy wishes could be more like his brother who has just passed away a couple of months previously to the story. He also wishes he didnt have to work and could be rich like Ben. He respects Ben for not really working and making a lot of money. Another example of Willys hallucinations are when he says, How are you all? (45) This occurs when Willy is talking with Charley and he starts thinking about Ben. Willys inability to grasp reality never changed throughout the story.Willy also has very poor parenting skills. He has two children Biff and Happy. Willy excuses Biff for a lot of events when he was younger. If Biff stole something, Willy just brushes it off and says that is was no big deal. He didnt even care when Biff failed math and did not graduate from high school. He measured success in how many people you knew not what your grades are. In one breath Willy would say that Biff is lazy and then in the next say hes not.

Analysis of Ann Patchett’s “Bel Canto

In Ann Patchetts novel, Bel Canto, various constitutions that are dramatic or mental in content are explored. However, arguably the most notable among them is the strange nature and irony of percentage, which also encompasses several sub-themes such as the abundance of fretfulness and love in the face of death. These themes are highlighted mostly by the relationships amidst the characters and the development of their personalities. In general, the strange twist of fate is best depicted by the unusual relationships formed between the characters in the novel.These ties and bonds built can arguably be described unusual due to the backdrop of the story. Basically, the entire plot revolves some a terrorist group taking hostage various celebrities, politicians, and other prominent personalities for a several months while at the same time forming unique relationships with their victims in the process at the house of the vice- chairman of a Latin American country. Moreover, as the nov el concludes, the so-called heroes or good guys arent exactly the ideal benevolent people ane would expect and the villains or bad guys (Gioia n.p. ). Towards the end, the lines between the terrorists and the hostages are blurred as both groups become less hostile and friendlier to each other, which gain ground added to the strange change in fate of the characters in the story. Ironically, it was as if all the hostages and the terrorists precious to remain inside the home of the countrys vice president where they find been holed up since the crisis began. Moreover, as mentioned above, multiple unique relationships are formed between the characters of the book.The first notable one is between Roxanne Coss, the American Soprano singer, and her dude captive, Katsumi Hosokawa, who is also one of her big fans. Although their romance is evident in the novel, it is somehow ironic because they could not understand each other due to a oral communication barrier. In other words, althoug h Roxanne and Katsumi were not able to communicate verbally, they shared a passion for each other which aroused in the face of deathone of the sub-themes explored in the novel.However, like all the other hostages, Roxanne and Katsumi knew the painful reality that awaits them should there captivity ends. In chapter 10 of the novel, Kastumi reflected on the possible scenarios if they are released from their captors. He soundless that these were extraordinary times, and if their old life was ever restored to them, nothing would be the same (Patchett 298). Meaning to say, Kastumi knew that he loved Roxanne and how full his life has become but also realized that their relationship could never exist in the world outside their captivity.This is highly ironic because like the rest of the hostages, initially, the only thing that Katsumi and Roxanne wanted was to work from their terrorist captors and get their normal lives back. But due to the deep involvement of the two with each other and due to the romantic relationship they have formed, they no longed wanted to escape but instead remain in captivity, which is one of the best examples of the strange nature of fate explored in the novel.The same applies to the relationship between Gen Watanabe, Katsumis translator, and Carmen, one of the young female terrorists. The two became romantically involved with each other when Gen taught Carmen how to read. They would meet inside a closet every night for Carmens reading lessons and where they would also make love. In other words, like Katsumi and Roxanne, the two have also accepted the fact that their hostage-terrorist relationship cannot be revealed to anyone nor could it exist in the world outside.In the tenth chapter of the novel, after learning that the government forces would soon attack and release all hostages, the author described the reaction of the two So Gen should have said something more, and Carmen should have listened more, but instead she kissed him, because the important thing was to forget. That kiss was like a lake, deep and clear, and they swam into it forgetting (Patchett 302). Meaning to say, the two have accepted their fate and the fact that their relationship would be short-lived. Instead of pondering on the upcoming reality, they chose to make the most their present situation by hugging and kissing.In short, the novel vividly illustrates the strange twist of fate between among the characters in the novel. In early chapters, the characters can be divided into two groups the hostages and the terrorists. However, as the story progresses, in a strange twist of fate, those lines that divide the two groups become blurred as the captives and the captors began enjoying each others company. This is exemplified not only by the relationships formed between Katsumi and Roxanne and Gen and Carmen but in other characters as well.In one scene, Ruben Iglesias, the vice president of the Latin American Country and owner of the house where the h ostages were held in the novel, was shown playing bearded darnel with the leader of the terrorists, General Benjamin. The vice president also implied that he was considering adopting one of the young members of the terrorists, Ishmael. Therefore, it can be surmised that hostage crisis transformed nearly all of the characters in the novel to the point where they wanted to remain holed up in the vice-presidents house forever, which is exactly the opposite of what hostages usually feel when they are held captive.Over-all, the novel greatly explored a theme in which the fate of its characters took an ironic twist that added depth and color to the over-all plot. The strange yet unique relationships formed are the best examples of the theme in which the true identities of the characters were also revealed. Works Cited Goia, Ted. Bel Canto. 2008. The New Canon. com 11 May 2009 http//www. thenewcanon. com/bel_canto. html. Patchett, Ann. Bel Canto. New York Harper Perennial, 2002.

Large Schools vs. Small Schools: Which perform better?

Small rails perform mitigate than large takeings in much than cardinal aspect.A study finds that undersized rural communities with a shoal engage significantly higher housing values, to a greater extent new housing, scummyer income variability, fewer households receiving public assistance, lower poverty and youngster poverty rates, more workers in professional and managerial jobs, and more workers employed within the community. (1) The existence of schools horizontal in small rural beas proves many benefits, notwithstanding there is a larger question posed, would it be more beneficial to have a small school or a large iodine? This paper aims to find which category offers more to the quality of students. It may be true that large schools may have grander facilities like television and radio place but there is more than behind the curtain of facilities.An extensive body of research demonstrates numerous overbearing benefits of small schools and small learning communitie s, especially for those students who argon at greatest risk of educational failure. Indeed, in a synthesis of research on small schools, Raywid (1997/1998, p. 35) concludes, there is enough evidence now of such positive effectsand of the devastating effects of large size on substantial numbers of youngstersthat it definems morally questionable not to act on it. (2) This is more or less the same stand that this paper takes.In a small school there would be more benefits. As you willing see throughout the paper, there have been studies that point out the benefits of a small school over that of a large one. There is almost 40 historic period of existing research and literature on small schools which indicates that students in small schools have higher attendance and commencement exercise rates (1), fewer drop-outs, equal or come apart levels of academic achievement (2), higher levels of extra-curricular participation (3) and parent involvement, and fewer incidences of discipline a nd hysteria (4). (3)Wasley, et al (2000, pg 4) says small schools extend student attendance across all types of small schools schools-within-schools (SWS), freestanding small schools, and multi-school small schools. Lakhman (1999), on the other hand found that between 1988 and 1998, DeWitt Clinton high school developed 10 small schools. During that time, they reduced their dropout rate by 8.5% and increased their on-time graduation rate by almost 50%. Thus, proving that small schools have the ability to improve attendance and graduation rate.Moreover, researchers observe that the effects of smallness on achievement are indirect, being mediated through other small-school features as quality of the social environment and students brain of attachment to the school. Mitchell (2000) reminds us that in the studies conducted by Howley and others, school size had such a powerful positive effect on the achievement of poor students that it even trumped the beneficial effects of class size (Cotton, 2001). This can also be credited to the fact that in a small school, they can focus more on the need of each student. Sometimes, students does not need a large school with rafts of reference books but a school that encourages a lot of help, from peers and teachers.There are several studies whose findings reveal that students at all grade levels learn more in small schools than in large schools. Several researchers have also examined middle-grades schools with interdisciplinary teams and found that students in this type of small learning community outperform similar students in schools without such organizational arrangements (Mertens and Flowers, 2003 Mertens, Flowers, and Mulhall, 2001 George and Lounsbury, 2000 lee side and Smith, 2000 Felner et al., 1997 Lee and Smith, 1993). (2)In addition from improved attendance, higher graduation rates and improved academic achievement in small schools, another factor that is considered is the students level of participation. dis tribute for example Mitchells (2000) observation where in a school of 2,000 students, only the most talented will be recruited for the basketball team or the caper club. The result is that a small number of gifted students dominate the sports and activity rosters, while the vast majority are relegated to spectator status. In small schools, sports teams, musical groups and clubs depend on broader participation.The number of extracurricular opportunities does increase with school size. But a twentyfold increase in population produces only a fivefold increase in opportunities. That is, as the school expands, an change magnitudely smaller percentage of students are needed to fill the available slots. In short, more students produce less participation. nigh students will not be required to participate because there will be others who would. In a small school every student will have the opportunity to hone and improve their talents and interests. Researchers point out that, in small s chools, everyone is needed to populate teams, offices, and clubs thus, even shy and less able students are encouraged to participate and made to feel they belong.In addition to the factors mentioned, another advantage of a small school over a large one involves more personalized approach where levels of parent involvement and parent satisfaction are greater in small school environments than in large ones. conference between parents and teachers tends to be more substantive given the fact that the teachers often know the students better in the smaller learning environment (Cotton, 2001). This is a positive reinforcement of discipline for the students. In a smaller learning environment, the students activities can be monitored and can be reported to parents, whether a violation or a perceived improvement.Among the advantages mentioned, the fewer incidence of violence is perhaps the most important. There is less violence in small schools, less vandalism, a heightened sense of belongin g, and better attendance, the KnowledgeWorks report states. (4) Another research also showed that In urban schools with less than 300 students, 3.9% of the schools reported serious violent incidents compared with 32.9% of schools over 1,000 students (Gregory, 2000). Small schools are better positioned to detect and help hurting students, and to address disruptive behavior before it escalates into tragic violence and abuse. When teachers know virtually all students in a school community by name, it fosters a culture of belonging, accountability, and support.The Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (2000) studies show that small learning environments are characterized by fewer incidents of violence and disruptive behavior, less school graffiti, lower crime levels, and less serious student misconduct. The association attribute this to what they term as human-scale schooling which reduces isolation and increasing the sense of belongingness. Indeed, a closer community w ill bring more familiarity and less hostility.Hence, with all the aspects considered in the paper, it can be deduced that in a school of smaller quantity, we can focus more on the students quality. From this standpoint, the performance of a small school is better. Even policy makers have noted these benefits leading to the ontogeny of some new rules. These includes Florida Small School Law which recognizes the benefits of small schools and prohibits, as of July 2003, the construction of large schools. As of that date, new elementary schools will be confine to 500 students, middle schools to 700, and high schools to 900.Another is the Vermont Funding for Small Schools which in 1997, Vermont adopted a new system of funding education under Vermont strike 60 The Equal Educational Opportunity Act (EEOA). Unlike most states, Vermont choose to provide additional funding to cover the higher costs of the states smallest school districts. An extra $1 million per year was allocated to dist ricts with fewer than 100 students. (5) This paper believes as far as, the future can depend on small school more than large ones, and to borrow Daniel Kinnamans title, the future will be filled up by small schools (with) big benefits.

Woman in White

Womens Rights collins hammers home the point that women in England, regardless(prenominal) of their fond standing, their education, their moral expression or their finances, have few legal rights for protection. Laura Fairlie is robbed of her identity and her inheritance by a greedy, unscrupulous husband. Mrs. Catherick has her reputation ruined by a misunderstanding that leaves her break and alone at the mercy of the man who caused the misunderstanding. Anne Catherick is falsely imprisoned in a mental institution, as is her half-sister Laura Fairlie.Both escape without the help of any man and go into hiding. Countess Eleanor Fairlie Fosco is denied her rightful inheritance by her older brother Philip simply because he disapproves of her espousal. This drives her to crime to pee back her inheritance. Laura Fairlie is assaulted by her husband and finds no help from the practice of law to protect her, and even her guardian, Frederick Fairlie, An Analysis of Female Identity in Wil kie Collinss The char in White This article looks at the issue of female identity in Wilkie Collinss The char in White.It analyzes two key scenes from the novel to reveal how construction and style inevitably influence the representation of identity, as rise as assessing the text in relation to genre, particularly the role of the Gothic in Collinss narrative. A prevalent theme in The Woman in White is confinement. Both Anne Catherick and Laura Fairlie argon confined in a mental asylum by Sir Percival Glyde. The novel effectively reworks traditional Gothic conventions in its depictions of confinement and the female characters jailer.The Woman in White belongs to the genre of sensation lying, Collinss novel being regarded as innovative as it is the premier(prenominal), and arguably the coarseest, of the English sensation novels. Sensation fiction is generally considered a crossing genre in that it combines the elements of romance familiar to readers of Gothic fiction and the do mestic context familiar to readers of realist fiction. In The Woman in White the terrors of eighteenth-century Gothic fiction are transferred from their exotic medieval togtings, such as those employed in the novels of Ann Radcliffe, and relocated in contemporary nineteenth-century English society.Melodrama is a genre closely colligate to sensationalism. Some of the swashs of melodrama, such as extreme states of being, situations, actions dark plottings and suspense, are clearly apparent in the horizontal surfaceline of The Woman in White. The character of Laura Fairlie comes closest to a typical histrionic heroine, especially in terms of physical appearance, being juvenile, fair and beautiful. She overly embodies both purity and powerlessness. However her role in the story is curiously passive as she is denied a formal narrative voice.Her passivity is the counterpart of her half-sister Marian Halcombes activity. Marian is a complex individual whose characterization falls ou tside conventional literary or social models, partially evinced in the striking physical contrast between her face and automobile trunk. Walter informs the reader that her figure is tall, save not too tall comely and well-developed her waist, perfection in the eyes of a man (p. 31). Yet her facial features are or sowhat inconsistent with her body the dark down on her upper lip was al approximately a moustache. She had a large, firm, masculine mouth and jaw (p. 32).The formal nature of Walters description employs melodramatic techniques yet the incongruous content of this description appears to challenge melodramatic conventions. Sensation fictions emphasis on plot means that it often depends on secrets, which seem unceasing as when one secret is unc everywhereed, another is revealed. The front end of secrets inevitably invites spying, an action Marian chooses to enquire in one of the novels nearly suspenseful scenes, when, fearing that her half-sisters livelihood whitethorn b e in danger, she spies on the villains Sir Percival and Count Fosco in the dead of night.A forbidding atmosphere is swiftly established with an air of menace clearly apparent in the imminent rain, described as being threatening, while the adjectives black, pitch and blinding are used to evoke the impenetrability of the nights inevitable phantasm. Marians decision to listen at the window seems to be partially determined by Count Foscos opinions of her sharpness and courage. Later on in his and Percivals conversation, Fosco asserts that Marian has the foresight and resolution of a man (p. 30). The shedding of her womanly attire in order to facilitate her position on the roof goes someway to unify this identity as a masculinized woman, a type fairly common in sensation fiction. However Marian is somewhat at odds with the heroines of most sensationalist novels in her fundamental moral probity, evinced in this scene with her eagerness to find one factor to justify her subsequent actio ns to herself I wanted muchover one motive to sanction the act to my own conscience (p. 24), finding it in the form of her half-sister Lauras honour, Lauras happiness Lauras life itself might depend on my officious ears and my faithful memory tonight (p. 324). The actual passages detailing her spying on Percival and Fosco are especially tense, partially through Marians situation her position on the roof is precariously close to the Countesss bedroom and it is apparent, from the light behind the window, that the woman is not yet in bed.The paragraph that discloses this fact to the reader is composed of sentences comprising numerous footling clauses, some of totally two words in length, as well as a copious use of dashes stylistic do that succeed in bringing the reader ever closer to the strangeness and peril (p. 328) of Marians situation, and the dread, which she could not shoulder (p. 328). Also Collinss use of direct speech in line drawing the villains conversation consol idates this effect, and added with the moodily Gothic ambience, succeeds in bringing the reader into uncomfortably close proximity to Marians current situation.The style of narrative an author adopts inevitably effects the nature of their characters. In The Woman in White we see the characters of female protagonists shaped by both formal and contextual decisions. This article has gone some way into revealing how identities are constructed through a combination of narrative methods and genre conventions, as well as the actual content of Collinss novel, such as other characters and settings. The Woman in White was an incredibly popular novel.Collins masterful creation of suspense made for an immensely successful work amongst the Victorian populace. angiotensin converting enzyme FICTION Contemporary Reviews and Responses The following reviews of Victorian sensation fiction are arranged according to theme and author. The reviews included here are are only a small sampling of Victorian reaction to and enthusiasm for sensation fiction. In future, this collection will be more thorough and will feature full reviews rather than selected sections.Sensation Fiction in General At no age, so far as we are aware, has there yet existed anything resembling the extraordinary alluvion of novels which is right off pouring over this land certainly with fertilising results, so far as the manufacture itself is c one timerned. There were days, halcyon days as one unperturbed may ascertain from the gossip of the seniors of society when an author was a natural curiosity, recognized and stared at as became the rarity of the phenomenon.No such thing is possible nowadays, when most people have been in print one way or other when stains of ink linger on the prettiest of fingers, and to write novels is the normal condition of a large section of society. Margaret Oliphant on Count Fosco from The Woman in White The violent stimulant of serial publication of weekly publication, with its necessity for frequent and speedy recurrence of piquant situation and startling incident is the thing of all others most likely to develop the germ, and bring it to fuller and darker bearing. What Mr.Wilkie Collins has done with tender care and laborious reticence, his followers will attempt without any such discretion. No divine influence arsehole be imagined as presiding over the possess of the sensation writers work, beyond the market-law of demand and supply no more immortality is dreamed of for it than for the fashions of the current season. A commercial atmosphere floats around works of this class, evocative of the manfactory and the shop. The public wants novels, and novels must be made so many yards of printed stuff, sensation-pattern, to be ready by the beginning of the season.H. L. Mansel, Quarterly Review, 113 (April 1863) 495 6. Sensation Fiction and the Woman referee Todays heroines in English novels include Women driven wild with love for the man who leads them on to desperation before he accords that word of encouragement that carries them into the seventh paradise women who marry their grooms in fits of sensual passion women who pray their lovers to carry them off from the husbands and homes they hate women who give and receive burning kisses and frantic embraces, and live in a voluptuous dream. the dreaming maiden aits now for flesh and muscles, for strong arms that seize her, and warm breath that thrills her through, and a host of other physical attractions which she indicates to the homo with a charming frankness. On the other side of the get wind, it is, of course, the amber hair and undulating form, the warm flesh and glowing colour, for which the youth sighs. this eagerness for physical sensation is be as the natural sentiment of English girls. * * * * * * * Lady Audleys Secret brought in the rein of bigamy as an interesting and fashionable crime, which no doubt shows a certain submission to the British relish for la w and order.It goes against the seventh commandment, no doubt, but it does it in a legitimate sort of way, and is an invention which could only have been possible to an Englishwoman penetrating the attraction of impropriety, and yet loving the shelter of law. There is nil more violently opposed to our moral sense, in all the contradictions to custom they present to us, than the enunciate un restraint in which the heroines of this order are allowed to expatiate and develop their impulsive, stormy, passionate characters.We believe it is one chief among their many dangers to youthful readers that they open out a picture of life free from all the perhaps irksome checks that confine their own existence. The heroine of this class of novel is charming because she is undisciplined, and the victim of impulse because she has never known restraint or has cast it aside, because in all these respects she is below the thoroughly trained and tried woman. Wilkie Collins The Woman in White Mr. C ollins is an estimable story-teller, though he is not a great novelist.His plots are framed with artistic ingenuity he unfolds them bit by bit, clearly, and with great care and each(prenominal) chapter is a most skilful sequel to the chapter before. He does not attempt to paint character or passion. He is not in the least imaginative. He is not by any means a master of pathos. The fascination which he exercises over the mind of his reader consists in this that he is a equitable constructor. Each of his stories is a puzzle, the key to which is not handed to us till the third volume.With him, accordingly, character, passion, and pathos are mere accessory colouring which he employs to set off the central situation in his narrative. Men and women he draws, not for the sake of illustrating human nature and lifes varied phases, or example his own powers of creation, but simply and solely with reference to the part it is necessary they should play in tangling or disentangling his a rgument. He is, as we have say, a really ingenious constructor but ingenious construction is not high art, just as cabinet-making and joining is not high art.Mechanical talent is what every great artist ought to possess. Mechanical talent, however, is not enough to entitle a man to rank as a great artist Nobody leaves one of his tales unfinished. This is a great compliment to his skill. But then very few feel at all inclined to read them a second time. Our curiosity once satisfied, the charm is gone. All that is left is to admire the art with which the curiosity was excited. In response to Saturday Review commentary above The Woman in White is the latest, and by many degrees the best work of an author who had already written so many singularly good ones.That mastery in the art of construction for which Mr. Wilkie Collins has long been pre-eminent among living writers of fiction is here exhibited upon the largest, and proportionately, the most difficult scale he has yet attempted. To keep the readers attention fairly and equably on the alert throughout a continuous story that fills triple volumes of the ordinary novel form, is no common feat but the author of the Woman in White has done much more than this. Every two of his thousand and odd pages contain as much printed matter as three or four of those to which the majority of Mr.Mudies subscribers are most accustomed, and from his first page to his last the interest is progressive, cumulative, and absorbing. If this be true and it appears to be universally admitted what becomes of the boldness made by some critics, that it is an interest of mere curiosity which holds the reader so fast and holds him so long? The thing is palpably absurd. Curiosity can do much, but it cannot singly accomplish all that is imputed to it by this theory, for it is impossible that its intensity should be sustained without intermission through so long a flight.If The Woman in White were indeed a protracted puzzle and nothing m ore, the readers attention would often grow languid over its pages he would be free from the importunate desire that now possesses him to go through every line of it continuously he would be content to take it up and lay it down at uncertain intervals, or be strongly tempted to skip to the end and find out the secret at once, without more tedious hunting through labyrinths devised only to retard his search, and not worth exploring for their own sake.But he yields to no such temptation, for the secret which is so wonderfully well kept to the end of the third volume is not the be-all and end-all of his interest in the story. Even Mr. Wilkie Collins himself, with all his constructive skill, would be at fault if he attempted to build as elaborate story on so narrow a basis Unsigned Review, Spectator, 33 (8 September 1860) 864. pic Henry pack on Wilkie Collins To Mr Collins belongs the credit of having introduced into fiction those mysterious of mysteries, the mysteries which are at our own doors. Mary Elizabeth Braddon M. E. Braddon might not be aware how young women of good blood and good training feel. . pic Lady Audley is at once the heroine and the monstrosity of the novel. In drawing her, the authoress may have intended to portray a female Mephistopheles but, if so, she would have known that a woman cannot fill such a part. The nerves with which Lady Audley could meet unmoved the friend of the man she had murdered, are the nerves of a Lady Macbeth who is half unsexed, and not those of the timid, gentle, innocent creature Lady Audley is represented as being. All this is very exciting but is also very unnatural. The artistic faults of this novel are as grave as the ethical ones. Combined, they render it one of the most noxious books of the modern times. Marian Halcombe from The Woman in White I said to myself, the lady is dark. She moved forward a few steps and said to myself, the lady is young. She approached nearer and I said to myself with a sense of surpr ise which words fail me to express the lady is ugly The Woman in White Victorian novels with poor, plain heroines are nothing unusual, but its rare to find one who is downright ugly.Then again, Marian Halcombe, the heroine of Wilkie Collins sensation novel The Woman in White, cares very little for social convention. In 1860, when even the first wave of feminism was yet to hit, Marian refuses to be content with a life that limits her to patience, petticoats and propriety. She knows that in a introduction where a woman is her husbands legal property, marriage was not the happy ending for women of her era that convention claimed No man under nirvana deserves these sacrifices from us womenthey take us body and soul to themselves, and fasten our helpless lives to theirs as they chain up a dog to his kennel.And what does the best of them give us in return? She has a point the novel revolves around a rather melodramatic plot by the sinister Sir Percival Glyde and the fiendish Count F osco to gain control over the considerable fortune of Laura Fairlie, Marians angelic half-sister, and the attempts of both Marian and Walter Hartright, Lauras equally poor would-be suitor, to rescue her from an opprobrious marriage.Our first glimpse of her is through Walters eyes, and the description is hardly intended to be flattering shes sporting a bit of a tache, and he finds her pallor unattractively swarthy (Lauras later reference to Gypsy skin suggests that Marian is of mixed heritage). But before feminist readers have time to draw an outraged breath, Marian proceeds to launch into a five-page monologue that establishes her as one of the most sparkling creations in the whole of literature. Ever.Although Walter is the overall bank clerk and inexplicably believes himself to be the hero of the hour, all the risks and major discoveries are made by Marian. It is her diaries that provide a large portion of the narrative, and her quick thinking that saves her sister from a grisly fate. In addition, she can beat any man at billiards, shes a bit of an intellectual goddess, and she singlehandedly runs the entire household. On the downside, shes a bit of a snob and prone to making rather rash decisions like taking off most of her clothes, climbing onto the roof and then doing a bit of eavesdropping.She is driven by her near-obsessive love for Laura and whilst their relationship is emotionally complex, it is never cloying or mawkish instead it is intense, co-dependent and rather more passionate than their sibling bond should allow. Their closeness is such that Lauras one act of assertiveness in the entire novel is to insist that Marians constant presence in her life be written into her marriage contract, and Laura extracts a promise from her that she will not be fond of anybody but her.When the wedding night approaches, it is Marian who explains what Laura is to expect The simple illusions of her girlhood are gone and my hand has stripped them off. Better mine than his thats all my consolation better mine than his. viscous stuff for 1860. But neither her implied queerness or her supposed ugliness stopped countless readers writing to Collins asking if Marian was based on a real woman, and if said woman happened to be single. Even the evil (and married) Count Fosco is taken with her, although he seems to be more attracted to her as a voltage partner in crime as a candidate for a mistress.Whilst Marian may lack the ethereal beauty of her sister, critic Nina Auerbach describes her as a truly sexy woman, noting that she is in fact the embodiment of androgynous pre-Raphaelite sensuality. The end of the novel has drawn criticism from feminist readers the plucky, independent heroine is now content to stay at home and help her sister and brother-in-law raise a family in true domestic bliss. However, true to the spirit of their multilayered relationship, Marian is less Lauras unpaid babysitter than a co-parent, still threatening the bonds of hetero happiness long after the supposedly happy ending has occurred.In a world that presented marriage and motherhood as the only options, Marian rejects what Adrienne Rich would later describe as compulsory heterosexuality in favour of life as the disposed partner of another woman. She is an amateur detective, early feminist and, despite her vulnerable position, refuses to be a damsel in distress. She was a groundbreaking character when she first appeared, and even 150 years later she remains one of the most memorable characters in Victorian literature.

The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Three

The first light of dawn was streaking the night sky with pink and palest green. Stefan watched it from the window of his manner in the boarding ho use of goods and services. He had rented this room specifically because of the trap threshold in the ceiling, a trapdoor that opened onto the widows walk on the roof above. practiced now that door was open, and a cool damp wind blew trim down the ladder below it. Stefan was fully dressed, but non because he was up early. He had n perpetually been to sleep.Hed just returned from the woods, and a few scraps of wet snap clung to the side of his boot. He brushed them off fastidiously. The comments of the bookmans yesterday had not escaped him, and he knew they had been double-dyed(a) at his clothes. He had always dressed in the best, not merely turn up of vanity, but because it was the full thing to do. His tutor had often said it Anaristocrat should dress as befits his position. If he does not, he is come outing contempt for others . Everyone had a place in the world, and his place had once been among the nobility. Once.Why was he dwelling on these things? Of course, he should deal realized that playing the role of a student was likely to bring his own student days back. Now the memories came thick and fast, as if he were skimming through the pages of a journal, his look catching an ledger entry present and there. One flashed before him vividly now his fathers view when Damon had announced he was quitting the University. He would never forget that. He had never wait onn his father so angryWhat do you mean, you are not exhalation back? Giuseppe was usually a f air power man, but he had a temper, and his elder male child brought out the violence in him.Just now that son was dabbing at his rima oriss with a saffron-colored silk handkerchief. I would curb thought even you could on a lower floor lose such a aboveboard sentence, father. Shall I repeat it in Latin for you?Damon- Stefan began tightly, appal led at this disrespect. hardly his father interrupted.You are telling me that I, Giuseppe, Conte di Salvatore, will have to face my friends knowing that my son is ascioparto ? A neer-do-well? An idler who makes no useful contribution to Florence? Servants were edging away as Giuseppe worked himself into a rage.Damon did not even blink. Apparently. If you can call those who huddle on you in the hopes that you will lend them money your friends. Sporco parassito cried Giuseppe, rising from his chair. Is it not bad enough that when youare at school you waste your time and my money? Oh, yes, I know all to the highest degree the gambling, the jousting, the women. And I know that if it were not for your secretary and your tutors you would be failing every course. But now you mean to disgrace me utterly. And wherefore? Why? His large hand whipped up to grasp Damons chin. So that you may return to your hunting and hawking?Stefan had to give his brother credit Damon did not wince. He stoo d, almost lounging in his fathers grip, every inch the aristocrat, from the elegantly plain cap on his dark head to his ermine-trimmed cloak to his soft leather shoes. His upper lip was curved in a line of pure arrogance.Youve gone too far this time, thought Stefan, watching the two men whose eyes were locked together. Even you wont be able to charm your way out this time.But just then there was a light step in the study doorway. Turning, Stefan had been dazzled by eyes the color of lapis lazuli, framed with long golden lashes. It was Katherine. Her father, Baron von Swartzschild, had brought her from the cold lands of the German princes to the Italian countryside, hoping it would help her recover from a prolonged illness. And since the day she had arrived, everything had changed for Stefan.I beg your pardon. I did not mean to intrude. Her voice was soft and clear. She made a slight motion as if to leave.No, dont go. Stay, Stefan said quickly. He cute to imagine more, to catch her hand-but he didnt dare. Not with his father here. All he could do was gaze into those jewellike blue eyes that were raised to his.Yes, stay, Giuseppe said, and Stefan saw that his fathers thunderous expression had lightened and that he had released Damon. He stepped forward, straightening the to a great extent folds of his long fur-trimmed gown. Your father should be returning from his business in the city today, and he will be delighted to see you. But your cheeks are pale, little Katherine. You are not ill again, I hope?You know I am always pale, sir. I do not use rouge like your bold Italian girls.You dont need it, said Stefan before he could stop himself, and Katherine smiled at him. She was so beautiful. An ache began in his chest.His father continued, And I see all too little of you during the day. You seldom give us the pleasure of your company until twilight.I have my studies and devotions in my own rooms, sir, said Katherine quietly, her lashes dropping. Stefan knew this was not true, but he said nothing he would never betray Katherines secret. She looked up at his father again. But I am here now, sir.Yes, yes, that is true. And I must see that tonight we have a very special meal for your fathers return. Damon we will speak later. As Giuseppe motioned to a servant and strode out, Stefan turned to Katherine in delight. It was seldom they could speak to each other without the presence of his father or of Gudren, her stolid German maid.But what Stefan saw then was like a contrary to his stomach. Katherine was smiling-the little secret smile that she had often shared with him.But she was not looking at him. She was looking at Damon.Stefan scorned his brother at that moment, hated Damons dark beauty and grace and the sensuality that drew women to him like moths to a flame. He wanted, in that instant, to strike Damon, to smash that beauty to pieces. Instead he had to stand and watch as Katherine moved slowly toward his brother, step by step, her golden b rocade gown whispering on the tiled floor.And even as he watched, Damon held out a hand to Katherine, and smiled the cruel smile of triumphStefan turned away from the window sharply.Why was he reopening old wounds? But, even as he thought it, he drew out the slender gold chain he wore under his shirt. His thumb and forefinger caressed the ring that hung from it, then he held it up to the light.The little circlet was exquisitely worked in gold, and five centuries had not dimmed its luster. It was set with one stone, a lapis the size of his little fingernail. Stefan looked at it, then at the heavy silver ring, also set with lapis, on his own hand. In his chest was a familiar tightness.He could not forget the past, and he didnt really gaze to. Despite everything that had happened, he cherished Katherines memory. But there was one memory he must truly not disturb, one page of the journal he must not turn. If he had to relive that horror, that abomination, he would go mad. As he had bee n mad that day, that final day, when he had looked upon his own damnationStefan leaned against the window, his forehead press to its coolness. His tutor had had another saying Evil will never find peace. It may triumph, but it will never find peace .Why had he even come to Fells Church?He had hoped to find peace here, but that was impossible. He would never be accepted, he would never rest. Because he was evil. He could not change what he was.Elena was up even earlier than usual that morning. She could hear Aunt Judith pottering active in her room, getting ready for her shower. Margaret was still fast asleep, curve up like a little mouse in her bed. Elena passed her younger sisters half-open door noiselessly and continued down the hallway to let herself out of the house.The air was fresh and clear this morning the quince shoetree was inhabited only by the usual jays and sparrows. Elena, who had gone to bed with a throbbing headache, lifted her face to the clean blue sky and breat hed deeply.She felt much better than she had yesterday. Shed promised to meet level before school, and though she wasnt looking forward to it she was sure it was going to be all right.Matt lived only two streets away from the high school. It was a simple frame house, like all the others on that street, except that possibly the swing on the porch was a little shabbier, the paint a little more peeled. Matt was already standing outside, and for a moment her heart picked up at the sight of him as it utilise to.He was good-looking. There was no doubt about that. Not in the stunning, almost disturbing way that-that approximately people were, but in a healthy American way. Matt Honeycutt was all-American. His blond hair was cropped short for the football season, and his skin was sunburnt from working open on his grandparents farm. His blue eyes were honest and straightforward. And just today, as he held out his arms to hug her gently, they were a little sad.You want to come inwardly? No. Lets just walk, Elena said. They went side by side without touching. Maples and black walnut trees lined this street, and the air still had a morning hush. Elena watched her feet on the wet sidewalk, odour suddenly uncertain. She didnt know how to start after all.So you still havent told me about France, he said.Oh, it was great, said Elena. She glanced sideways at him. He was looking at the sidewalk, too. Everything about it was great, she continued, trying to put some enthusiasm in her voice. The people, the food, everything. It was really Her voice trailed off, and she laughed nervously.Yeah, I know. Great, he finished for her. He stopped and stood looking down at his scuffed tennis shoes. Elena recognized them from last year. Matts family barely got by maybe he hadnt been able to afford new shoes. She looked up to find those steady blue eyes on her face.You know,you look pretty great right now, he said.Elena opened her mouth in dismay, but he was speaking again.And I guess you have something to tell me. She stared at him, and he smiled, a crooked, rueful smile. Then he held out his arms again.Oh,Matt , she said, hugging him hard. She stepped back to look into his face. Matt, you are the nicest guy Ive ever met. I dont deserve you.Oh, so thats why youre dumping me, said Matt as they started walking again. Because Im too good for you. I should have realized that before.She punched him in the arm. No, that isnt why, and I am not dumping you. Were going to be friends, right?Oh, sure. Oh, absolutely.Because thats what Ive realized we are. She stopped, looking up at him again. Good friends. Be honest, now, Matt, isnt that how you really come up about me?He looked at her, then rolled his eyes heavenward. Can I take the Fifth on that? he said. As Elenas face fell, he added, It doesnt have anything to do with that new guy, does it?No, Elena said after a hesitation, and then added quickly, I havent even met him yet. I dont know him.But you want to. No, dont sa y it. He put an arm around her and gently turned her. Come on, lets head toward school. If we have time, Ill even buy you a doughnut.As they walked, something thrashed in the walnut tree above them. Matt whistled and pointed. Look at that Biggest crow Ive ever seen.Elena looked, but it was already gone.School that day was merely a convenient place for Elena to follow-up her plan.She had woken up this morning knowing what to do. And today she gathered as much information as she could on the subject of Stefan Salvatore. Which wasnt hard, because everyone at Robert E. Lee was talking about him.It was common knowledge that hed had some sort of run-in with the admissions secretary yesterday. And today hed been called to the principals office. Something about his papers. But the principal had sent him back to class (after, it was rumored, a long-distance call to Rome-or was it Washington?), and everything seemed to be settled now. Officially, at least.When Elena arrived for Euro History class that afternoon, she was greeted by a low whistle in the hall. bastard Carter and Tyler Smallwood were loitering there. A tally of prize jerks, she thought, ignoring the whistle and their staring. They thought being tackle and safety on the varsity football team made them hot stuff. She kept an eye on them as she loitered in the corridor herself, refreshing her lipstick and fiddling with her compact. Shed given Bonnie her special instructions, and the plan was ready to be put into effect as currently as Stefan showed up. The compact mirror gave her a wonderful view of the hall behind her.Still, she missed him coming somehow. He was beside her suddenly, and she snapped the compact shut as he passed. She meant to stop him, but something happened before she could. Stefan tensed-or, at least, there was something about him that seemed wary all at once. Just then Dick and Tyler stepped in front of the door to the history classroom. Blocking the way.World-class jerks, thought Elen a. Fuming, she glared at them over Stefans shoulder.They were enjoying the game, slouching in the doorway, pretending they were completely blind to Stefan standing there.Excuse me. It was the same tone hed used with the history teacher. Quiet, detached.Dick and Tyler looked at each other, then all around, as if hearing spirit voices.Scoozi? Tyler said in a falsetto. Scoozi me? Me scoozi? Jacuzzi? They both laughed.Elena watched muscles tighten under the T-shirt in front of her. This was completely unfair they were both taller than Stefan, and Tyler was about twice as broad.Is there a problem here? Elena was as floor as the boys were at the new voice behind her. She turned to see Matt. His blue eyes were hard.Elena bit her lips on a smile as Tyler and Dick moved slowly, resentfully out of the way. Good old Matt, she thought. But now good old Matt was walking into class beside Stefan, and she was left following them, staring at the backs oftwo T-shirts. When they sat down, she slid i nto the desk behind Stefan, where she could watch him without being watched herself. Her plan would have to wait until after class.Matt was rattling change in his pocket, which meant he wanted to say something.Uh, hey, he began at last, uncomfortably. Those guys, you knowStefan laughed. It was a bitter sound. Who am I to judge? There was more emotion in his voice than Elena had comprehend before, even when he had spoken to Mr. Tanner. And that emotion was raw unhappiness. Anyway, why should I be welcome here? he finished, almost to himself.Why shouldnt you be? Matt had been staring at Stefan now his jaw squared with decision.Listen, he said. You were talking about football yesterday. Well, our star wide receiver tore a ligament yesterday afternoon, and we need a replacement. Tryouts are this afternoon. What do you think?Me? Stefan sounded caught off guard. Ah I dont know if I could.Can you run?Can-? Stefan half turned toward Matt, and Elena could see a faint hint of a smile curve h is lips. Yes.Can you catch?Yes. Thats all a wide receiver has to do. Im the quarterback. If you can catch what I regorge and run with it, you can play.I see. Stefan was actually almost smiling, and though Matts mouth was serious his blue eyes were dancing. Astonished at herself, Elena realized she was jealous. There was a warmth between the two boys that shut her out completely.But the next instant Stefans smile disappeared. He said distantly, Thank you but no. I have other commitments.At that moment, Bonnie and Caroline arrived and class started.Throughout Tanners lecture on Europe,Elena repeated to herself, Hello. Im Elena Gilbert. Im on the Senior Welcoming Committee, and Ive been assigned to show you around the school. Now, you wouldnt want to get me in trouble, would you, by not letting me do my job? That last with wide, wistful eyes-but only if he looked like he might try to get out of it. It was virtually foolproof. He was a sucker for maidens who needed to be rescued.Halfwa y through class, the girl sitting to her right passed her a note. Elena opened it and recognized Bonnies round, childish handwriting. It read I kept C. away for as long as I could. What happened? Did it workElena looked up to see Bonnie twisted around in her front-row seat. Elena pointed to the note and shook her head, mouthing, After class.It seemed a century until Tanner gave some last-minute instructions about oral exam reports and dismissed them. Then everybody sprang up at once. Here goes, thought Elena, and, with her heart pounding, she stepped squarely into Stefans path, blocking the aisle so that he couldnt get around her.Just like Dick and Tyler, she thought, feeling a hysterical urge to giggle. She looked up and found her eyes exactly on a level with his mouth.Her mind went blank. What was it she was speculate to say? She opened her mouth, and somehow the words shed been practicing came tumbling out. Hi, Im Elena Gilbert, and Im on the Senior Welcoming Committee and Ive been assigned-Im sorry I dont have time. For a minute, she couldnt believe he was speaking, that he wasnt even going to give her a chance to finish. Her mouth went right on with the speech.-to show you around the school-Im sorry I cant. I have to-to get to football tryouts. Stefan turned to Matt, who was standing by looking amazed. You said they were right after school, didnt you?Yes, Matt said slowly. But-Then Id better get moving. possibly you could show me the way.Matt looked helplessly at Elena, then shrugged. Well sure. Come on. He glanced back once as they left. Stefan didnt.Elena found herself looking around at a circle of interested observers, including Caroline, who was openly smirking. Elena felt a numbness in her body and a fullness in her throat. She couldnt stand to be here for one more second. She turned and walked as quickly as she could from the room.

Progressive case analysis Essay

Over decades operating in a highly competitive environment, the key strategy that makes forward the top three in the $165 billion US private passenger automobile amends perseverance is focusing on innovations and customer satisfaction. Established in 1937, from the beginning, forward-looking approached the market with an innovative method by providing customers drive-in claims service and the ability to make monthly installment payments. That, on one hand, appealed more opportunities for people who could not undergo paying insurance in lump sum to have their vehicles protected. Besides, it helped innovative enter the market with competitive advantage to approach more potential customers. In 1957, by positioning the market correctly and understanding all market segments potential benefits that had not been realized by competitors, reformist was willing to take attempt to enter the non stock(a) segment, which includes drivers with poor driving records or high danger profile s.This strategy, in turn, change magnitude the high societys sales signifi apprizetly and turned industrial into a major brand in the insurance industry. The fierce competition of Allstate in the nonstandard market in 1985 and the approval of the Preposition 103 mandating insurance rate cuts of 20% in 1989 ca apply a crisis at Progressive. The community attempted to reduce cost by firing 1,300 employees. In addition, the efforts in understanding consumers perception and behaviors facilitated the caller-out to show its new strategy called Immediate Response in 1990 with the attempt to build trust in consumers. The main advantage of this strategy was that it speed claims process and change magnitude customer satisfaction when accidents occurred. Immediate Response could be considered as one of the major improvements and transitions of Progressive that could help the company improve customer retention. Facing the bright competition, along with launching Immediate Response, in 1990, Progressive to a fault focused on diversifying its harvest-time pedigree by running experiment to write standard policies.The investment in training agents and changing their selling behaviors raised considerably consumers awargonness of the companys products in the preferred and standard segments, which consequently step-upd the companys revenues significantly. In addition, the introduction of ExpressQuote in 1993, which provided quotes from the top eight local competitors, turned Progressive into a full line supplier. This approach also helped the company have more chance to sell its products directly to consumers. The invention of profit in 1995 facilitated Progressive to be the first company in the insurance industry selling its products online. This created competitive advantage for Progressive to compete when the company launched its website to help customers manage their policies as well as increase quoting and policy application processes. Progressive has never stop ped innovating in its products. The application of GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) devices in 1998 to track customers driving behaviors and the introduction of the new program called TripSense in 2000 helped the company implement usage based charging method.By offering discounts to drivers who got involved into these programs, the company tried to raise consumers awareness of the correlation between driving behaviors and risk of accidents. Customer satisfaction has always been the key metric driving Progressives strategy over time. In 2000, Concierge Service was launched to serve customers better in case of accidents. Instead of waiting for their damaged cars fixed, customers were now provided an instant replacement car while the repair was done. That way, Progressive could save time for customers and save terminus and rental car cost for the company. Not only that, Progressive continued to introduce Total Loss Concierge service, which replaced cars that had been totaled. This s trategy did not only help the company reduce turnaround time and replacing cars for profitable value but also increase customer satisfaction considerably. In the effort to diversify its product line and exploit more benefits from the current customers, in 2000, Progressive started offering homeowners policies.The purpose was to attract and retain current auto consumers who treasured to have their auto and home protected from the same insurance provider. However, the strategy confronted the problem of lacking entropy that help create a pricing advantage. Since 2000 until now, the company has had major changes in many different aspects such as management, company organization, information technology, human resources. Among those, it is that Glenn Renwick took over the role of Peter Lewis in the companys executive management put the company in the harder challenge of competition. Notably, in 2006, while the insurance market was softening, the strategy to keep the price family caused Progressive some disadvantages. On the other hand, the fierce competition from strong competitors such as Allstate, allege Farm and GEICO, whose advertising campaigns have been so aggressive that Progressive has to always keep an eye on them and keep improving. II. SWOT Analysis1. StrengthsFirstly, Progressive is among one of the top star(p) auto insurers in the United States. It has a strong position in both personal automobile and commercial automobile markets. Progressives use of risk analysis among all automobile users has enabled it to increase the hulkingr customer acceptance in comparison to its competitors. Secondly, progressives use of technology and data is excellent. Progressive was the first insurer to go online. The company invested heavily in information technology. Progressive used detail data on drivers to price its policies and could claim to be industrys first. Progressive used website effectively to help customers get quick and information. Moreover, an online quote is helpful, easy and quick to compare prices when customers shop for home insurance without having to wait for an agent. Thirdly, Progressive had a strong distribution channel. It focused on direct sales and independent agents, which helped to expand its market share in the United States. In addition, progressive used innovative approaches to increase customer satisfaction.Total Loss Concierge level of claims service was designed to provide total auto physical damage losings. Customers could opt for a different car, and pay the difference if the value of the totaled car was less. Fourthly, Progressive has a strong and reliable workforce. Progressive has over 28,000 employees. When recruiting, company makes sure that the individuals can embrace technology and are comfortable with change. The company invests a great deal in training. Employees work in claims and are trained with skills related to Progressive careers. 2. WeaknessesOne of the weaknesses of progressive is operatio n expenses. Lewiss principle hire the best and pay the most with the purpose to pay at the top end of industry pay scales for good employees performance can increase companys expenses. In addition, this can create competitive pressures among the employees, which could result in negativity in the company. The otherweakness of progressive is its inability to create brand awareness. Its competitors like GEICO, State Farm and Allstate were better able to create customer awareness through advertising campaigns. The company take to focus on building a better brand awareness if it wants to increase its market share in the auto insurance industry. Another weakness of progressive is its failure to cope with pressure associated with competition from its competitors. Big players like, State Farm, Allstate and GEICO have created competitive pressure directly to Progressive.For example, Allstates low cost structure caused Progressive crisis and 1,300 employees fired Furthermore, progressives difficulty to smooth management transition is another weakness. When Peter Lewis stepped down as president in 2000 and Glenn Renwick took up the post, company went through some tough times. Renwicks decision to raise insurance rate affected crop and clams adversely. 3. OpportunitiesInnovation has and will create great opportunities for growth. Greater innovation can bring Progressive the chance to get more unique products and function in order to meet customers needs better. Many innovative services such as Express Quote, Concierge Service have helped the Company to serve and satisfy clients better. Furthermore, the firm was in top CIO Magazines CIO-100 list in recognition of its innovative practices and products. In addition, its website usually rated as the best one, facilitates to accesses information more easily.Moreover, Internet is another area that has potential for growth. The development of Internet offers Progressive the chance to expand their business and access direct ly to customers. They also can market to a much broader user for relatively less price.Homeowner Insurance is another area that offers opportunity for growth for progressive. In 2000, progressive started offering homeowners policies. However, the company was unable to generate enough data to have pricing advantage so they cancelled the entire initiative in 2002. Now, with the advent of technological advancement progressive could once again explore this area to generate more revenue in the future.One other area that provides great opportunity for expansion and growth is Emerging markets. Emerging markets like China, India, Russia and Brazil are expanding at the rate of knots. Although there are various risks factors associated with doing business in these countries, there are also greater rewards that come with it. 4. ThreatsOne of the threats Progressive faces is intense competition from its competitors. The insurance markets in the US are more and more competitive with a large num ber of players supplying a broad range of products and services. Progressive Corporation has to face fierce competition with these players. The three biggest rivals of the Corporation include State Farm, Allstate, and GEICO. State Farm was number one in the personal auto insurance industry with a market share of 18% in 2006 and also the leading home insurer. The follower is Allstate, the second largest player I both personal auto and homeowners industries with market shares of 11%-12% in each in 2006. Moreover, GEICO was the after part largest personal auto insurer with a market share of 6.7% in the same year. The other threat Progressive face is changing rules and regulations. Insurance regulations variegate considerably among different States of the United States. This varying regulation has great impact on the firms operation. For example, the Proportion 103 was passed on November 8, 1988 in California, which mandated rate cuts of 20% in 1989. Due to this Proportion, the compan y had to pay out $50 million to 260,000 policyholders.The benefit was seriously affected, along with the strong reduction of market share in California market. Increasing nature natural disasters is another threat that affects all insurance companies including Progressive. Natural disasters cause damage to both house and vehicle, which increases expense for the company. As predication, major climate changes are likely to occur in the coming decades. Therefore, insurers have a risk of facing with a trend toward higher losses due to more claims relating to natural disasters. Reduction in insurance rates and use of sophisticated data mining techniques are other threats to progressive. While insurance rates are softening, Progressive is determined to hold prices firm. This decision could make the customers get away to other insurers, whose rates are lower. Everyone was usingsophisticated data mining techniques and focusing on better claim support. This reduces the chance of being distin guished from other suppliers. III. RecommendationsInnovation has historically proven to be a vital tool for progressive insurance. Therefore, the company should continue to put more weight on innovation. An innovation offers the company a chance to improve its products and services whereby it can gain competitive advantage over its competitors. Progressive should also invest money in advertising in order to increase customer awareness. Progressive already has a larger customer base, but if it wants to compete with the industry giants like Allstate and State Farm, it needs to invest more in advertisement to attract and engage more customers. Developing and expanding the companys market in foreign countries is one-area progressive insurance needs to focus on if they are to reduce monetary risks. Expanding the market in other countries enables progressive to maintain a stable finances in case the U.S economy goes down. Furthermore, progressive needs to work on new lines of products an d services if they are to thrive in a highly competitive industry. In addition, expanding business to other areas like providing financial services or home security systems provides Progressive Corporation with opportunity to diversify its income sources.

Human Rights In Pakistan Essay

The tender-hearted rights commission of PakistanSince independence and partition from British India in 1947, Pakistani semi semipolitical g everyplacening bodys direct been dominated by the military. Pakistan has had a military government for thirty of its fifty-eight years of independence. The Pakistani military is a descendent of the British Indian Army and has retained the institutional structure, culture, and imperial ethos of its colonial predecessor. (Ghafoor 2007 101-18) Similar observations can be made about the next more or less kingful institution in Pakistan, the cultivated bureaucracy. Most analysts of the Pakistani state and politics have described the governance structure in the country as an oligarchic descent amid the land feudal elites and the polite and military bureaucracy. Most accounts of the Pakistani state and society have adhered to a narrative structured around civil and military bureaucracy, landed feudal elites, and ethnic and spectral national ist forces. The traditional narrative has also typically blamed the asymmetrical power of the tripartite oligarchic structure for the attenuated development of the civil-society institutions. (Abbas, 2005 74-79)Partially in reaction to the excesses of the Zia regime and its allies, the homo Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) was formed in 1986. In the two decades since its inception, the HRCP has become the most influential nongovernmental actor in the cause of human rights in Pakistan (UNDP 2000). The immediate impetus for the HRCPS formation was opposition to a battery of regressive laws passed by the Zia regime, including the separate electorate for non-Muslim minorities of Pakistan and the Hudood ordinance, in addition to vastly enhanced powers of the state for arbitrary arrests, censorship of the atmospheric pressure, and limiting political dissent .Although women and spiritual minorities were the main victims of Zias Islamization drives, the progressive elements in the so ciety were especially targeted for state oppression because they were deemed to be aligned with the main leftist opposition, the Peoples Party. It was in this environment that a group of prominent citizens, primarily lawyers, including Asma Jehangir, Justice Dorab Patel, Malik Qasim, and Fakhruddin G. Ibrahim met and decided to merge many organizations and pro land groups under the umbrella of the HRCP.Among the organizations were the Malik Ghulam Jilani Foundation for Human Rights and some political-prisoner-release and legal-aid committees. (Zaman 2004 689-716)Democracy and human rights in PakistanEach of the iiidiscourses of national protective cover, developmentalism, and identity politics have pulled Pakistani civil society in conflicting directions, as has the process of mobilizing social capital. The two organizations discussed hereJamaat-e-Islami and the Human Rights Commission of Pakistanserve as exemplars of the larger tensions within Pakistani society and not as moral o pposites. (Ghafoor 2007 101-18) All organizations/movements argon deemed to be part of civil society unless they or their subsidiaries espouse and/or practice frenzy against noncombatant civilians. A civil society by comment does, and should, contain a stove of agendas. Promoting a real interpretation or vision of religion, state, and society is inherent to the dynamics of a vibrant civil society. But when support of an agenda leaves the political sphere and becomes a violent armed struggle, questions can legitimately be raised about its place within civil society.The issue of what type of violence will qualify a nonstate actor to be neglectd from the ambit of civil society is debatable and echoes the very contentious contemporary debate on the definition of terrorism. (Rana 2004 48-52)Military democracy and human rightsThe social-capital literature, despite its conceptual ambiguities and political pitfalls, provides intriguing insights into progression beyond the crude structu ral determinism of the past, but not to the extent of dispensing with structures altogether and include the cruder neoliberal celebration of individual and collective agency. (Daechsel 2007 141-60) All human societies have norms, networks, and horizontal associations that facilitate the agendas of individuals and groups. The more important question is, what ar those norms and networks mobilized to achieve? How do certain norms become more ascendant than other norms, such as exclusivist and violent religiosity versus tolerant and nonviolent piety, or secretion versus democracy? (Inayatullah 2007 27-42)Benazir and Pakistan human rightsPakistans economic liberalization programs during Benazir Bhuttos second term (1993-1996) encountered frequent political crises. While growth was steady during this period, external debt soared and the Karachi Stock Exchange plunged. Bhutto avoided certain quick fixes that were politically risky. She refused to impose taxes, for example, on agricul ture and the politically influential feudal landlords who supported her staunchly. In 1995-1996, for instance, landlords paid and $79,000 in wealth taxor 0.0036 percent of the direct taxescollected. Following the assassination of Benazir in late December 2007, the human right situation of Pakistan worsens due to dictatorship of President Pervez Mushrif. The contract of emergency rule in the country has raised the chance of violation of basic human rights in the country. (Malik 2007 117-28)Marshal Law and human rightsSince its creation as a Muslim country in 1947, Pakistan has undergone a tumultuous process of nation building, seeking to create consensus and institutions sufficient for its stability.The straggle to establish a parliamentary democracy in a federal setting has been hampered by interethnic strife, fragmented elites, praetorian rule, and regional and global influences. Since 1947, the military officers have three times (in 1958, 1969, and 1977) administered governments by hawkish law, seeking to gain legitimacy en route to nation building. (Kennedy 2007 14-33)In Pakistan, the civilian rulers have often relied on the military to preserve their power. Dominated by Punjabis and representing landed and industrial interests, the military regards its dominance of Pakistani politics as vital to any attempt to safeguard the territorial integrity of the country in the organisation of bewildering ethnic, linguistic, and regional diversity. Military and non-military governments have equally appealed to Islam in order to maintain their legitimacy and to uphold different political, economic, and class interests. Because Islam has been, throughout Pakistans brief history, manipulated for political and non-political purposes, one can argue that the religion has had a divisive rather than a unifying impact there. General Zia ul-Haq (1977-88) used Islam not however as a means to suspend democratic elections and constitutional liberties but also to legitimize h is own power.Zia instituted a progressive program of Islamization that transferred the laws of the land from a more secular tradition to an Islamic one. This diminished the quality of Pakistani institutions, notably the system of justice. In his attempts to forge an alliance with Muslim clerics, Zia offered them positions as magistrates. This placed hatful with no prior legal or judicial qualifications in the seats of judges. The move damaged the integrity of the Pakistani judiciary and also tied its power directly to the state and Zia. (Mustafa 2004 168-84)Feudalism and violent traditionPakistan continues to be a predominantly agrarian, rural, and feudal society. The transregional alliance forged by feudals, generals, and bureaucrats has prevented the expansion of civilsociety. In addition, cultural/ phantasmal developments, such as orthodox Islamic influences and the strict enforcement of Sharia law, have adversely affected the countrys human rights situation. The prospects for the improvement of human rights in Pakistan are bleak, although the country is ranked, according to the comparative survey of freedom worldwide, as partly free. (Malik 2007 117-28)Death from torture in police custody is epidemic. Indefinite keep without any charges, sometimes up to one year under Article 10 of the constitution, is commonplace. Self-censorship is widely practiced, especially on matters relating to the armed forces and religion. Traditional cultural and religious forces block political and legal equality for women. These forces also discriminate against women in socioeconomic domains. On 2 January 1997, an all-Pakistan Working Women Convention in Karachi expressed concerns over social attitudes towards women. The convention called for an end to abuse of property rights, inheritance, and social traditions. (Khan 2007 181-95)Many human fights observers in Pakistan have objected to the action of a grand jirga of the Affidi sub-clans of the Khyber Agency that has decided to exclude women from voting. The tribal elders opposition to rural womens voting rights in the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan reflects their deeply entrenched tribal hierarchy. Death for adultery in rural areas is commonplace.The 1991 bill to expand Sharia law preserves the subjugation of wives in marriage and divorce proceedings. Forced or child labor is general in rural areas, and the central government appears unable to prevent it. After the threat of sanction by sporting goods manufacturers and labor organizations, Pakistani authorities have begun a crackdown on child labor in the soccer ball industry. They conducted more than 7,000 raids on various businesses between January 1995 and March 1996. Ethnic and religious discrimination are rampant. Baluchis, Pathans, Ahmediyans (a religious sect), Christians, Shiite Muslims, and Hindus are frequent targets. The Federal Sharia Court has prescribed the death penalty for insulting the Prophet Mohammad. The most active and forthright human rights monitoring groups, the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) and the Bonded Labor Liberation Front (BLLF), have been instrumental in promoting legislation which bans the bonded labor system. (S.V.R 2005 135-36)Human right abusesWomens rights, however, are restricted in varying degrees in Pakistan The poor womens rights conditioncan often be attributed to de facto underdevelopment, low female literacy rates, and brutal local traditions and customs in the case of Pakistan, and to patriarchy, strict social codes, and male-centered structures in the cases of Pakistan. (Nizamani 1998 317-37) While Pakistan has sanctioned the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, Pakistan have thus far refused to ratify those agreements (Malik 2007 117-28) More than half of Middle Eastern and North African countries have ratified the same covenants. Pakistan has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.With the exception of Saudi Arabia, which is not a party to any human rights instruments, all Muslim countries are a party to one or more of those instruments. Although the ratification of these human rights instruments is no evidence of palpable improvement of fundamental rights, becoming party to such treaties has at least made their governments vulnerable to international criticism in cases of grotesque violations of global standards. It should be noted, however, that effective enforcement of human rights instruments remains almost totally within these countries purview. (Whaites 2005 229-54)Role of AmericaHuman Rights Watch has also documented Pakistans role in the Kashmir conflict. Despite official denials by government officials in Pakistan, there is little doubt that much of the weaponry used by the militants reaches Kashmir from Pakistan. As anyone who has traveled in northwest Pakistan knows, weaponry siphon ed off from supplies provided by the United States during the Afghan war is promptly available in the arms bazaars of the Northwest Frontier Province. Pressure from the United States and other donor countries persuaded India to take a few steps toward accountability for its security forces. (Daechsel 2007 141-60)India established a Human Rights Commission and publicized one or two arrests of soldiers who had committed abuses. In March 1994, as noted above, it permitted the ICRC to conduct a survey of humanitarian needs in Kashmir. To ensure that human rights reform in India amounts to more than cosmetic gestures, the international community, through bilateral and multilateral initiatives, should press India to allow outside international investigations of human rights violations in Kashmir, permit international humanitarian agencies direct access to prisoners, and prosecute and punish army and paramilitary forces trustworthy for murder andtorture. Following the Marshal Law and eme rgency rule the commonwealth suspended the membership of Pakistan on the violation of basic human rights. (Ghafoor 2007 101-18)Constitution and human rightsThe creative activity members of the HRCP were mindful of the need for political action to bring about meaningful change. But in an atmosphere in which the political parties had been bludgeoned into oblivion and, in the feeling of the HRCP founders, had also lost their way in the cause of fighting for human rights, the need for a nonpartisan, but not apolitical, watchdog organization to speak up for the rights of the victims of state oppression was urgent.The three resolutions adopted at the first meeting of the HRCP in 1986 were the holding of free and fair democratic elections, abolition of the separate electorate for the religious minorities in Pakistan and bringing them into the mainstream, and abolition of the death penalty. The last was particularly ambitious, given that the popularity of the death penalty in Pakistani s tate and society is perhaps matched only by Saudi Arabia and Texas (Nasr, 2004 95-99)The HRCP was an avowed secular organization in a time when secularism was representd with atheism and antireligion in Pakistani society. In the words of one of its founding members, the HRCP was and continues to be an organization representing a liberal democratic movement in the society. Religious revivalist organizations were particularly hostile to the HRCPS secularist message and have been a source of harassment to the HRCP membership from its inception.Although the HRCP is not a direct competitor in the electoral arena with Islamist movements, its activism against instances of religiotribalist injustice toward women has particularly rankled many Islamists, who tend to equate many tribal cultural traditions with Islam. Unlike many of its Western counterpart organizations, the HRCP has not limited itself to a legalistic interpretation of human rights, although that is an important element of its protagonism agenda. The annual human rights reports published by the HRCP are notable for their uniquely political view of what constitutes the arena of human rights. (Daechsel 2007 141-60) The HRCP has cultivated close partnerships with trade and worker unions in Pakistan and has highlighted such diverse issues as unemployment, foreign policy, militarization of civilian organizations, media, health, education, and youth affairs in its widely disseminated annual reports and council-meeting statements (HRCP 2003, 2004a, 2004b).Theactivist background of some of the HRCPS founding members and the organizations declared allegiance to secular democracy and improving human welfare through justice have induce it to take a very broad and admittedly politicized view of human rights in Pakistan, despite contrary advice from some of its Western donors. (Cohen, 2006 18-26)Future of PakistanThere are irreducible differences and rivalries between secularists and Islamists. Precisely how these d ifferences will be settled is difficult to foretell. If both sides refute the cardinal principle of conflict resolution-that is, the truth lies in the middlethe rivalries are curtail to be more violent than ever before.If, on the other hand, they seek a political pact, the amelioration, if not the termination, of the conflicts would be likely (Malik 2007 117-28) a policy that regard pre- and post-elections pacts could minimize the eruption of such conflicts. Thus far, however, the failure to achieve such a middle ground has resulted in political disasters that have not only jeopardized the reign of self-indulgent and corrupt leaders, but also the civil, political, and economic fights of the vast majority of the people. (Daechsel 2007 141-60)ReferencesS.V.R. Nasr. (2005) Islamic Opposition in the Political Process Lessons from Pakistan, in Esposito, ed., Political Islam Revolution, Radicalism, or Reform? 135-36.Abbas, H. 2005. Pakistans Drift into Extremism Allah, the Army, and Ame ricas War on Terror. Armonk, N.Y. M. E. 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