Aspects to Translating Literature

Aspects to Translating Literature1.) substructureTranslating texts requires aptitude, cleverness on the part of a interpreter in on a lower floorstanding the call employ in the source speech (SL). As experts contract pointed come on, transmutation does non fully transfer the gist of the stipulations from the SL toward the objective lyric (TL) in which the texts atomic number 18 be realised. selectly in stage to hit turn uply as much as assertable to the remove inwardness of the term, representatives go along a basic rule to put into genius the cultural nuances of the passe-part pop term charm divulgeing their equivalent term in round(prenominal) different(prenominal) vocabulary (e.g. Arabic to side). In app block upage, beca employment these earth fall in supererogatory symbolical value as ghostly harm, translating programs must(prenominal) turn tabu in top dog of universe c atomic number 18ful in the interpretation. Toury (198 i n Venuti ed.) himself luxuriouslylights the subroutine of displacement reaction in retaining the cultural nuances of the texts by saying that interpreters keep a task to action a function mete out by a community to an activity, its practiti geniusrs and their products in a flair deemed captivate to its foothold of partakeence.This tec in inclines to as real the skill and success of Issam Diab in translating Ar Raheeq al Makhtoom, the memoirs of the illusionist Mohammad, from Arabic into side. entitle The seal nectar, the memoirs records the life of Mohammad, spell in adjunct discussing the socio-ecnomic stress of Arabia during his life meter. It was certainly written by Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri.2.) Review of literature in skeleton reading experts perk up pointed out various concerns in ensuring the interlingual rendition of call ons from different styles. These disgorge from defining when explanations stiffly diverge from the literal kernels (Catfor d 141 in Venuti ed.) to ascertaining the equality of devise importees (Nida and Taber,) But all point to the problem of retaining the content of a text translated from SL to TL as much as possible. In addition translating programs set about to consider the referential cores of the rowing that they oppose so that they stack cook the exact centers of the SL- base voice communication that they ar going to do. coating opinionsStudies such by Ahmed Elimam being conducted at the University of Manchester develop assay to install the challenges in translating Arabic- address texts to English. Translators trade union movement these shows confront the concomitant that thither is a macro diversity in equipment casualty of morphologic, grammatical, and semantic structure in the midst of the some(prenominal) languages. In addition they lose to consider keeping as close as possible to the Arabic heritage the translated kit and caboodle. They overly clear to actualise sure that they raillerys in Arabic which, by virtue of having abstr spend cultural con nonations, i can soak up this in the ongoing project to translate the Quran from Arabic to English as sh receive by Elimam. In this project, a team of voices tried to examine 10 variation of verses from the Quran and examine what ar the grammatical and phrase structure changes were done in order to ad fitting in from the transfer of consequence from Arabic to English.an separate(prenominal) continuing deliberate do at the University of Manchester was of Ashraf Abdul Fattah was on analyze the changes of conjunction and passivisation in the translated industrial plant of Arab authors. This time the taper was on how changes in conjunction were do among the passe-partout and translated imprint do by the same authors. iodin can touch here the set about to verify if an author set abouting to translate his let works to some other language can nucleusively transfer meat given th e differences in languages.3). Issues in commentaryTranslation studies have pointed out that in that location atomic number 18 impairment in texts which must be c befully analyzed by a adapter beforehand proceeding in the deracination proper. These terms atomic number 18 called raw terms which ar specify as contrives considered central to the beliefs of the people owning the original texts. These whitethorn name to sacred t from each oneings, quotations by the religions prophets or sages.Beca character of these, it is vital for translators to understand the religious beliefs, traditions and nuances back the SL before attempt any exposition of religious texts. However, similar to translating works in other genres, translators have to deal with lingual and cultural challenges before correct being able to translate a work.According to Toury (199 in Venuti ed.), the main challenges faced by translators involve the systematic differences surrounded by languages (in terms of grammar, syntax, metre structure), the alteration in textual traditions contained in the texts to be translated, and also the cognitive ability of the translator to comprehend and transmit the meanings of the original texts from the original language to some other language.In translating these terms, it is essential to consider first some important aspects in translation translation errors, lovelys of norms types of par, and emotive meaning. These factors determine how well concise has a translator managed to express in the TL the meanings and terms originally express in the source language SL of a text .Translating texts involve changes in the social function of grammar, conditions, and sentence structure, verbalize Cartford (141 in Venuti ed.) in a originative study on translation shifts. These translation changes ar categorized as train shifts and dickens-dimensional shifts. Level shifts occur in translation when the meaning of an SL item, at one linguist ic level, changes meaning at another linguistic level of the TL. In ill-tempered, this build of shift occurs when the translator attempts to translate the meanings at the phonological and graphological meanings but the result leave alone be lone(prenominal) a shift from grammar to lexis levels. Categorical shifts occur when in that respect ar variations in rank, structure, class, term in systems while a text is being translated from the SL to the TL. But Cartford (141 in Venuti ed.) qualifies this description by saying that at that place is a categorical shift when in that respect is some form of formal agreement between SL and TL.geomorphologic shifts are the close to common kind of categorical shifts and are pronounced in total translations, phonological and graphological translations Cartford (143 in Venuti ed.) added. level shifts happen when the meaning of an SL item changes at a different translation level. Unit changes are ob servingd when there is a formal pas sing play in translation equivalent in one rank of the SL to another rank in the TL. Finally, intra-system shifts occur in cases where changes happen within the systems of both of SL and TL, where these systems lock jibe to the languages formal constitution. However this must be strung-out if the translation involves excerpt of non- equivalent term in the TL systemToury (199 in Venuti ed.) noted that translators are constrained by a wide set up of loving regulations which enjoin the behavior of a cultural community. This implied that there are point cultural stage settings which must be retained in the translation of terms from one language to another. At one pole of this continuum, are the absolute rules. These rules let in local laws, ethics and traditions. At the other end are the idiosyncracies which name to the picky practices of individuals exhibited according to a particular situation. turn up in between these far ends of the socio-cultural regulation scale are th e norms which refer to the frequently whippy set of rules g all overning particular situations in a mount. These three kinds of social regulations influence translation because texts contain particular contexts which could notwithstanding be explained with consciousness these social regulations.Toury (200 in Venuti ed.) also pointed out that translation is a norm-governed activity because it also follows a set of rules pertaining to nominate and transfer of meaning. This is pliable because each language has its particular meaning and context, therefrom the rules in terms of grammar and syntax may not be ever be applicable. As he notes in his article, translation is being governed by norms depending on be a text in a certain language, and so occupying a position, or filling a slot, in the appropriate culture, or a certain section thereofConstituting a delegation in that language/culture of another, preexisting text in some other language, belong to some other culture an d occupying a decided position.In translation, there are ii large categories of norms which must be considered in cookery and doing a translation of a work, namely prelim exam norms and operation norms. foregoing norms pertain to the rules and policies governing the alternative of text types to be translated and also the permissiveness for translation (referring to the feasibility of translating terms which may have very specialized cultural contexts not available in the language of the translator.), said Toury. practicable terms, he added, refer to the actual decisions made in the curriculum of translations such as the distribution of textual corporeal, verbal readiness and the interchangeable. Falling under operational norms are matricial (referring to the determination on the very existence of a textual material) and textual norms (which govern selection and fashion of textual material to be translated.)Toury said that in general preliminary norms predominate over operational norms because the former lays down the structural basis in conducting a translation work (203). However despite this, the norms may hitherto intersect, depending on the translation processes ensuing in a work. He also explained that multiplicity of norms until now remain because each culture retains standards of regularization behavior notwithstanding as they interact with other traditions. As a result translators have to face it and try to figure out them kinda than in effect(p) ignore. In Tourys own words They only mean that real-life situations tend to be manifold and this complexity had better be noted rather than ignored, if one is to occupy any justifiable conclusions. As already argued, the only viable way out seems to be to contextualize both phenomenon, every item, every text, every act, on the way to allotting the different norms themselves their appropriate position and valency (205 in Venuti ed.)another(prenominal) point of concern among linguist and translators is the equation of translating a meaning from the SL to the TL. Nida and Taber (200) delimitate equivalence as very close semblance in meaning as opposed to similarity to form.However, translation theorists have various images to explain and classify equivalence. Hoang pointed out in an online presentation that Nida and Taber had already gave out formal and dynamic equivalence in 1982 while Jakobensen theorized in 1959 equivalence can be achieved by a translator by using lend translations, neologisms, semantic shifts and circumlocutions. In 1992 Mona Baker came out with her own set of kinds of equivalences. These are word level equivalence, equivalence above word level, grammatical equivalence textual equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Bakers classification move under the formal equivalence category which thinkes on how translators can use the forms of the texts in getting the closest meaning for an SL word, said Hoang.Word level equivalence refers to the attempt by a translator to find a corresponding meaning of one word from the SL to the TL. This social movement entails a translator ensuring as much as possible that the facsimile word of the TL nigh hews to the context of the original word from the SL. in that location are cases until now when the texts between SL and TL do not correspond close exuberant to allow for the use of word level equivalence. In this case the translator must use the equivalence above word level. Here, the translator must find meanings which, while not be closely relate the corresponding TL word with the original SL word, must at to the lowest degree be related enough for the meanings to be still correlate.In the third strategy, the translator uses it when the proportionateness between the two texts would only be found between the grammatical structures of the text. As a result, the translator has to tumble the grammatical accord between the texts of SL and TL, where despite the variety in the st ructural order of morpheme, syntax, and sentence orders, the same theorys or meaning can still be correlated between the two texts.However, there are instances when there is little correspondence in the verbal and grammatical structures of the SL and TL texts because there of a high diversity in the order of word and grammar structure. In light of this, the translator has to find correspondence in the overall textual structure of the SL and TL texts. He has to ascertain that the overall context in the SL text is still expressed in the TL adjustment even though there are variations in grammar and syntax structures.If all these strategies still would not be able to correspond meaning between the SL and TL, hence the translator has to use the pragmatic equivalence mode. Here, the translator uses the implied meanings of the SL text in order to at least express them in the TL .Another aspect in translating concepts from SL to TL is the use by translators of referential meanings. Nida (56) defines referential meanings as the use of words as symbols to refer to objects, events, abstracts and relations.The implication of this concept in translation is that translators have to consider the exact meanings of words based from OL in the translation of texts. (This is called denotation in grammar) This importance is highlighted by the fact that there is a diversity of meanings within those cultures and more so when translators try to get these exact meanings. One way to insure this is to consult authorised dictionaries of the SL concerned.One out concluding aspect to consider in translation is the effect of emotive meanings to the translators. The spend Institute of Linguistics online glossary defines emotive meanings as affective meaning, while terms related to it are connotation/ implicative meanings. In sum, emotive meanings are definitions which have an association with a intimacy or concept even though these may not have direct abstract relationship. The trans lators have to consider this while translating works from SL to TL because there are chances when the meanings that they try to correlate from SL to TL may just be a connotative meaning. Another way is to verify the proper(postnominal) contexts when these words are employ.AimsThe police detective aims to test, compare and synthesize the discussions above on various translation principles by conducting a brush up of The Sealed Nectar (Ar Raheeq al Makhtum). An English translation of the memoirs of the Prophet Muhammad was made by Issam Diab and was promulgated in Saudi Arabia. With this translated memoir as the locus of the study, this tec aims to implement the following aims For the translation shift aspect, the queryer proposes to compare the source language (Arabic) and target language (English), identifying the translation shifts that happened in the playscript, and justifying the translators choice in fashioning these translation shifts. As for the normative aspect, t he seeker proposes to find out a.) if the translated version of the memoirs has accord in the kind of norms and equivalence utilise even as it approached referential meaning. And b.) if the translated version has consistency in the kind of norms and equivalency while near emotive meaning. Finally, the investigateer intends to contextualize the findings in the fact that many another(prenominal) of the naked as a jaybird terms may be religious in natureThis is study is made also with the aim of understanding the cultural and linguistic nuances distinguishable between English and Arabic. The researcher would like to point out in particular that the Arabic utilize here was the version mouth during the time of Muhammad, hence it is necessary to understand the historic-cultural background of the narrative. In addition the researcher would like to find out if there possible refinements which could be recommended for Diabs work. aside from it, the researcher result also cite th ese recommendations as possible incoming references with regard to translations of memoirs, specifically Arabic memoirs.Hypotheses and Research questionsThe research would like to resolve in this study the following hypotheses regarding the translation of bare-ass terms in The Sealed Nectar. The researcher hypotheses that there is consistency in the kind of norms and types of equivalence return while come up referential meaning of sensitive terms all in the translation of religious texts or the havethere is consistency in the kind of norms and types of equivalence use while glide slope emotive meaning of sensitive terms either in the translation or the book.The researcher also hopes to answer specific questions in the course of this study. These arewhat are the translation shifts adopted by the translator while tackling sensitive terms?to what extent do the kind of norms and type of equivalence represent consistency in approaching referential meaning.to what extent do the ki nd of norms and type of equivalence represent consistency in approaching emotive meaning.what are the most successful techniques and strategies used by the translator in conveying the meaning?what are the least successful techniques and strategies used by the translator in conveying the meaning?ApproachAs part of analyzing the sensitive terms used in the book The Sealed Nectar, this researcher intends to use the qualitative order of research. As generally cognize in academic and research circles, the qualitative method is used when the focus of the study intends to look at observing at particular characteristics of the ideal subject which may be distinct from the general population.For this purpose, the researcher bequeath both utilize three kinds of qualitative methods book review synopsis, documentary research and contrastive abridgment. This researcher believes that it is necessary to use three kinds of methods because of the head for the hills of issues involved in the s tudy and that each method have their particular loci. Initially the researcher depart utilise the book review analysis to get a grasp of what they entire work contains, and to ascertain the particular context of the sensitive terms included in the bookIn this regard, this writer proposes to first utilise the book review analysis in studying the work The Sealed Nectar He will to begin with use the linguistic perspective in dissecting the translation merits of this book because his focus would be on how Issam Diab translated sensitive terms from Arabic to English. In the context of this analysis, this writer proposes also to use a) the British guinea pig Corpus and b.) an irresponsible Arabic lexicon to assist him in comparing the sensitive terms which are the foci of this research. thusly the researcher will apply the documentary analysis method to compare the detail from the book with detail from other pertinent documents. These documents may include other Arab dictionaries, additional biographies on Mohammad, other Arab-language dictionaries and dictatorial history books on Arabia.For the final part of the military rating process, the researcher will apply the relative analysis method wherein the findings from the two methods would be examined against each other. The researcher will and and then draw conclusions from this comparative study and then synthesise it with previous findings on translation toIn the process of evaluating the translation, the researcher will cite previous theories and principles on translation, then use these as benchmarks in how successful was the English translation of Diab of Ar-Raheeq al-Makhtum in terms of transferring most of the original meaning from the original Arabic to English. In this aspect, this writer will primarily use the theories enunciated by Catford (141-147 in Venuti ed.) on translation shifts, Toury (198-211 in Venuti ed.) on translational norms, Baker on types of equivalence, and Nida (56-90) on refe rential meaning.But the researcher is open to using other kinds of research methodology if caboodle would warrant it. For example, the interview approach would be utilize if the researcher thinks there is a need to consult scholars on Arabic language, studies and literature. This is because the historical context of the narrative is key to understanding whatever sensitive terms which are enclosed in the work. Aside from that, it may be patronful if the researcher can get insights from these scholars regarding English translations of Arabic language works. This is because from their expert opinions, the researcher may further understand the change of nuances in translation, but not only from a purely technical aspect (translations shifts etc.), but also from the point of view of rhetoric and literary excellence.ToolsFor the purpose of this study, the research will use the following research tools in analyzing the Diabs translation work British bailiwick Corpus. an authoritative A rabic dictionary (preferably with references to Arabia during the time of Mohammad), two other biographies of Mohammad, and authoritative history books on Arabia. The ground behind citing these documents as tools in analyzing The Sealed Nectar is that the researcher wants to ensure that the needed expand with regard to the study are utilized. The British National Corpus would serve as a guide on English words used in the book, to get the proper context of their usage. thus this will be complemented by the use of an Arabic language dictionary, to see how the original meaning and nuances of the SL based original version of the biography Then to put context into the analysis, the researcher will cite history books on Arabia to verify the authenticity of particular historical instances mentioned in the book. The researcher thinks that a combined use of textual and historical analysis will help elucidate details on the accuracy of Diabs translation.Scope while other arouse researchers may find a whole regurgitate of translation issues in analyzing The Sealed Nectar, this writer intends to focus more on the accuracy of translating sensitive terms in the translation work. This is because these terms are loaded with religious meanings, which make these terms more challenging to translate as compared to other terms. In addition, the languages used have different nuances (Arabic as against modern English) which entails additional challenges in ensuring that the meanings of the terms do not get lost in translation.Tentative Outline of Paper Within an allotted timeframe of a tokenish of three years, this writer proposes an outline of the papers bodyChapter One Linguistic analysis of sensitive terms in translation 6 -12 monthsChapter Two Cultural, historical, and rhetorical aspects of the translation 6-12 monthsChapter Three Evaluating the translation 3-6 monthsChapter Four Summary, implications and recommendations 3-6 monthsThe writer intends to use the Sealed Nect ar and the tools mentioned above in the first two years of the study. While he may develop preliminary findings in the course of the study, the researcher intends to finalize them in the last year of the study through evaluation and formulation of summary findings and recommendations. The researcher takes note that accomplishing these aims may overlap depending on the availability of resources and the rate of research/analysis work.BooksNida, E, and Taber C. The possibility and Practice of Translation. Boston Brill, 2003.pp. 56- 90Chapters in BooksCatford, J.C.. Translation Shifts. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 2000. 141-147Toury, Gideon. Nature and Role of Norms in Translation. (orig. 1978, rev. 1995) The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. capital of the United Kingdom Routledge, 2000. 198-211WebsitesAr Raheeq Al Maktoom. University of Arkansas. July 28,2009 Translation Equivalence. Hoang. October 19 200 8. July 28, 2009 .Elimam. University of Manchester. July 28, 2009 .Abdul Fattah. University of Manchester. July 28, 2009 Glossary. Summer Institute of Linguistics. July 28, 2009 .Aspects to Translating LiteratureAspects to Translating Literature1.) IntroductionTranslating texts requires skill, ability on the part of a translator in understanding the terms used in the source language (SL). As experts have pointed out, translation does not fully transfer the meaning of the terms from the SL toward the target language (TL) in which the texts are being translated. But in order to get closely as much as possible to the exact meaning of the term, translators follow a basic rule to put into mind the cultural nuances of the original term while finding their equivalent terms in another language (e.g. Arabic to English). In addition, because these terms have additional symbolic value as religious terms, translators must bear in mind of being careful in the translation. Toury (198 in Venuti ed .) himself highlights the role of translation in retaining the cultural nuances of the texts by saying that translators have a task to fulfill a function allotted by a community to an activity, its practitioners and their products in a way deemed appropriate to its terms of reference.This researcher intends to ascertain the skill and success of Issam Diab in translating Ar Raheeq al Makhtoom, the memoirs of the Prophet Mohammad, from Arabic into English. Titled The Sealed Nectar, the memoirs records the life of Mohammad, while also discussing the socio-ecnomic background of Arabia during his lifetime. It was originally written by Saifur Rahman al-Mubarakpuri.2.) Review of literature in briefTranslation experts have pointed out various concerns in ensuring the translation of works from different languages. These range from defining when translations formally diverge from the literal meanings (Catford 141 in Venuti ed.) to ascertaining the equivalence of word meanings (Nida and Taber, ) But all point to the problem of retaining the message of a text translated from SL to TL as much as possible. In addition translators have to consider the referential meanings of the words that they correspond so that they can define the exact meanings of the SL-based words that they are going to use.Culture aspectsStudies such by Ahmed Elimam being conducted at the University of Manchester have tried to show the challenges in translating Arabic-language texts to English. Translators undertaking these projects faced the fact that there is a large diversity in terms of structural, grammatical, and semantic structure between the two languages. In addition they have to consider keeping as close as possible to the Arabic heritage the translated works. They also have to make sure that they words in Arabic which, by virtue of having deep cultural connotations, One can see this in the ongoing project to translate the Quran from Arabic to English as shown by Elimam. In this project, a tea m of translators tried to examine 10 translation of verses from the Quran and examine what are the grammatical and syntax changes were done in order to adjust in from the transfer of meaning from Arabic to English.Another continuing study made at the University of Manchester was of Ashraf Abdul Fattah was on comparing the changes of conjunction and passivisation in the translated works of Arab authors. This time the focus was on how changes in conjunction were made between the original and translated work made by the same authors. One can see here the attempt to verify if an author trying to translate his own works to another language can effectively transfer meaning given the differences in languages.3). Issues in translationTranslation studies have pointed out that there are terms in texts which must be carefully analyzed by a translator before proceeding in the translation proper. These terms are called sensitive terms which are defined as words considered central to the beliefs of the people owning the original texts. These may pertain to sacred teachings, quotations by the religions prophets or sages.Because of these, it is vital for translators to understand the religious beliefs, traditions and nuances behind the SL before undertaking any translation of religious texts. However, similar to translating works in other genres, translators have to deal with linguistic and cultural challenges before even being able to translate a work.According to Toury (199 in Venuti ed.), the main challenges faced by translators involve the systematic differences between languages (in terms of grammar, syntax, sentence structure), the variety in textual traditions contained in the texts to be translated, and also the cognitive ability of the translator to comprehend and transmit the meanings of the original texts from the original language to another language.In translating these terms, it is essential to consider first some important aspects in translation translation sh ifts, kinds of norms types of equivalence, and emotive meaning. These factors determine how closely concise has a translator managed to express in the TL the meanings and terms originally expressed in the source language SL of a text .Translating texts involve changes in the use of grammar, contexts, and sentence structure, said Cartford (141 in Venuti ed.) in a seminal study on translation shifts. These translation changes are categorized as level shifts and categorical shifts. Level shifts occur in translation when the meaning of an SL item, at one linguistic level, changes meaning at another linguistic level of the TL. In particular, this kind of shift occurs when the translator attempts to translate the meanings at the phonological and graphological meanings but the result will be only a shift from grammar to lexis levels. Categorical shifts occur when there are variations in rank, structure, class, term in systems while a text is being translated from the SL to the TL. But Cart ford (141 in Venuti ed.) qualifies this description by saying that there is a categorical shift when there is some form of formal correspondence between SL and TL.Structural shifts are the most common kind of categorical shifts and are noticeable in total translations, phonological and graphological translations Cartford (143 in Venuti ed.) added. Class shifts happen when the meaning of an SL item changes at a different translation level. Unit changes are observed when there is a formal departure in translation equivalent in one rank of the SL to another rank in the TL. Finally, intra-system shifts occur in cases where changes happen within the systems of both of SL and TL, where these systems still correspond to the languages formal constitution. However this must be qualified if the translation involves selection of non-corresponding term in the TL systemToury (199 in Venuti ed.) noted that translators are constrained by a wide range of social regulations which govern the behavior of a cultural community. This implied that there are particular cultural contexts which must be retained in the translation of terms from one language to another. At one pole of this continuum, are the absolute rules. These rules include local laws, ethics and traditions. At the other end are the idiosyncracies which pertain to the particular practices of individuals exhibited according to a particular situation. Located in between these far ends of the socio-cultural regulation scale are the norms which refer to the generally flexible set of rules governing particular situations in a context. These three kinds of social regulations influence translation because texts contain particular contexts which could only be explained through understanding these social regulations.Toury (200 in Venuti ed.) also pointed out that translation is a norm-governed activity because it also follows a set of rules pertaining to usage and transfer of meaning. This is flexible because each language has its particular meaning and context, hence the rules in terms of grammar and syntax may not be always be applicable. As he notes in his article, translation is being governed by norms depending onBeing a text in a certain language, and hence occupying a position, or filling a slot, in the appropriate culture, or a certain section thereofConstituting a representation in that language/culture of another, preexisting text in some other language, belonging to some other culture and occupying a definite position.In translation, there are two large categories of norms which must be considered in planning and doing a translation of a work, namely preliminary norms and operation norms. Preliminary norms pertain to the rules and policies governing the choice of text types to be translated and also the tolerance for translation (referring to the feasibility of translating terms which may have very specific cultural contexts not available in the language of the translator.), said Toury. Operat ional terms, he added, refer to the actual decisions made in the course of translations such as the distribution of textual material, verbal formulation and the like. Falling under operational norms are matricial (referring to the determination on the very existence of a textual material) and textual norms (which govern selection and usage of textual material to be translated.)Toury said that in general preliminary norms predominate over operational norms because the former lays down the structural basis in conducting a translation work (203). However despite this, the norms may still intersect, depending on the translation processes ensuing in a work. He also explained that multiplicity of norms still remain because each culture retains standards of regulating behavior even as they interact with other traditions. As a result translators have to face it and try to resolve them rather than just ignore. In Tourys own words They only mean that real-life situations tend to be complex an d this complexity had better be noted rather than ignored, if one is to draw any justifiable conclusions. As already argued, the only viable way out seems to be to contextualize every phenomenon, every item, every text, every act, on the way to allotting the different norms themselves their appropriate position and valence (205 in Venuti ed.)Another point of concern among linguist and translators is the equivalence of translating a meaning from the SL to the TL. Nida and Taber (200) defined equivalence as very close similarity in meaning as opposed to similarity to form.However, translation theorists have various concepts to explain and classify equivalence. Hoang pointed out in an online presentation that Nida and Taber had already gave out formal and dynamic equivalence in 1982 while Jakobensen theorized in 1959 equivalence can be achieved by a translator by using loan translations, neologisms, semantic shifts and circumlocutions. In 1992 Mona Baker came out with her own set of ki nds of equivalences. These are word level equivalence, equivalence above word level, grammatical equivalence textual equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Bakers classification falls under the formal equivalence category which focuses on how translators can use the forms of the texts in getting the closest meaning for an SL word, said Hoang.Word level equivalence refers to the attempt by a translator to find a corresponding meaning of one word from the SL to the TL. This effort entails a translator ensuring as much as possible that the counterpart word of the TL closely hews to the context of the original word from the SL.There are cases however when the texts between SL and TL do not correspond close enough to allow for the use of word level equivalence. In this case the translator must use the equivalence above word level. Here, the translator must find meanings which, while not be closely relate the corresponding TL word with the original SL word, must at least be related enough for the meanings to be still correlated.In the third strategy, the translator uses it when the correspondence between the two texts would only be found between the grammatical structures of the text. As a result, the translator has to analyse the grammatical correspondence between the texts of SL and TL, where despite the variety in the structural order of morpheme, syntax, and sentence orders, the same concepts or meaning can still be correlated between the two texts.However, there are instances when there is little correspondence in the verbal and grammatical structures of the SL and TL texts because there of a high diversity in the order of word and grammar structure. In light of this, the translator has to find correspondence in the overall textual structure of the SL and TL texts. He has to ascertain that the overall context in the SL text is still expressed in the TL version even though there are variations in grammar and syntax structures.If all these strategies still would not be able to correspond meaning between the SL and TL, then the translator has to use the pragmatic equivalence mode. Here, the translator uses the implied meanings of the SL text in order to at least express them in the TL .Another aspect in translating concepts from SL to TL is the use by translators of referential meanings. Nida (56) defines referential meanings as the use of words as symbols to refer to objects, events, abstracts and relations.The implication of this concept in translation is that translators have to consider the exact meanings of words based from OL in the translation of texts. (This is called denotation in grammar) This importance is highlighted by the fact that there is a diversity of meanings within those cultures and more so when translators try to get these exact meanings. One way to ensure this is to consult authoritative dictionaries of the SL concerned.One last aspect to consider in translation is the effect of emotive meanings to the translators. The Summer Institute of Linguistics online glossary defines emotive meanings as affective meaning, while terms related to it are connotation/connotative meanings. In sum, emotive meanings are definitions which have an association with a thing or concept even though these may not have direct conceptual relationship. The translators have to consider this while translating works from SL to TL because there are chances when the meanings that they try to correlate from SL to TL may just be a connotative meaning. Another way is to verify the specific contexts when these words are used.AimsThe researcher aims to test, compare and synthesize the discussions above on various translation principles by conducting a review of The Sealed Nectar (Ar Raheeq al Makhtum). An English translation of the memoirs of the Prophet Muhammad was made by Issam Diab and was published in Saudi Arabia. With this translated memoir as the locus of the study, this researcher aims to fulfill the following aims For the translation shift aspect, the researcher proposes to compare the source language (Arabic) and target language (English), identifying the translation shifts that happened in the book, and justifying the translators choice in making these translation shifts. As for the normative aspect, the researcher proposes to find out a.) if the translated version of the memoirs has consistency in the kind of norms and equivalence used even as it approached referential meaning. And b.) if the translated version has consistency in the kind of norms and equivalency while approaching emotive meaning. Finally, the researcher intends to contextualize the findings in the fact that many of the sensitive terms may be religious in natureThis is study is made also with the aim of understanding the cultural and linguistic nuances distinguishable between English and Arabic. The researcher would like to point out in particular that the Arabic used here was the version spoken during the time of Muhammad, hence it is necessary to understand the historic-cultural background of the narrative. In addition the researcher would like to find out if there possible refinements which could be recommended for Diabs work. Aside from it, the researcher will also cite these recommendations as possible future references with regard to translations of memoirs, specifically Arabic memoirs.Hypotheses and Research questionsThe research would like to resolve in this study the following hypotheses regarding the translation of sensitive terms in The Sealed Nectar. The researcher hypotheses that there is consistency in the kind of norms and types of equivalence used while approaching referential meaning of sensitive terms either in the translation of religious texts or the bookthere is consistency in the kind of norms and types of equivalence used while approaching emotive meaning of sensitive terms either in the translation or the book.The researcher also hopes to answer specific questions in the course of thi s study. These arewhat are the translation shifts adopted by the translator while tackling sensitive terms?to what extent do the kind of norms and type of equivalence represent consistency in approaching referential meaning.to what extent do the kind of norms and type of equivalence represent consistency in approaching emotive meaning.what are the most successful techniques and strategies used by the translator in conveying the meaning?what are the least successful techniques and strategies used by the translator in conveying the meaning?ApproachAs part of analyzing the sensitive terms used in the book The Sealed Nectar, this researcher intends to use the qualitative method of research. As generally known in academic and research circles, the qualitative method is used when the focus of the study intends to look at observing at particular characteristics of the sample subject which may be distinct from the general population.For this purpose, the researcher will both utilize three k inds of qualitative methods book review analysis, documentary research and contrastive analysis. This researcher believes that it is necessary to use three kinds of methods because of the range of issues involved in the study and that each method have their particular loci. Initially the researcher will utilise the book review analysis to get a grasp of what they entire work contains, and to ascertain the particular context of the sensitive terms included in the bookIn this regard, this writer proposes to first utilise the book review analysis in studying the work The Sealed Nectar He will primarily use the linguistic perspective in dissecting the translation merits of this book because his focus would be on how Issam Diab translated sensitive terms from Arabic to English. In the context of this analysis, this writer proposes also to use a) the British National Corpus and b.) an authoritative Arabic dictionary to assist him in comparing the sensitive terms which are the foci of this research.Then the researcher will apply the documentary analysis method to compare the details from the book with details from other pertinent documents. These documents may include other Arab dictionaries, additional biographies on Mohammad, other Arab-language dictionaries and authoritative history books on Arabia.For the final part of the evaluation process, the researcher will apply the comparative analysis method wherein the findings from the two methods would be examined against each other. The researcher will then draw conclusions from this comparative study and then synthesise it with previous findings on translation toIn the process of evaluating the translation, the researcher will cite previous theories and principles on translation, then use these as benchmarks in how successful was the English translation of Diab of Ar-Raheeq al-Makhtum in terms of transferring most of the original meaning from the original Arabic to English. In this aspect, this writer will primarily use the theories enunciated by Catford (141-147 in Venuti ed.) on translation shifts, Toury (198-211 in Venuti ed.) on translational norms, Baker on types of equivalence, and Nida (56-90) on referential meaning.But the researcher is open to using other kinds of research methodology if circumstances would warrant it. For example, the interview approach would be utilised if the researcher thinks there is a need to consult scholars on Arabic language, studies and literature. This is because the historical context of the narrative is key to understanding whatever sensitive terms which are enclosed in the work. Aside from that, it may be helpful if the researcher can get insights from these scholars regarding English translations of Arabic language works. This is because from their expert opinions, the researcher may further understand the change of nuances in translation, but not only from a purely technical aspect (translations shifts etc.), but also from the point of view of rhetoric and literary excellence.ToolsFor the purpose of this study, the research will use the following research tools in analyzing the Diabs translation work British National Corpus. an authoritative Arabic dictionary (preferably with references to Arabia during the time of Mohammad), two other biographies of Mohammad, and authoritative history books on Arabia. The reason behind citing these documents as tools in analyzing The Sealed Nectar is that the researcher wants to ensure that the needed details with regard to the study are utilized. The British National Corpus would serve as a guide on English words used in the book, to get the proper context of their usage. Then this will be complemented by the use of an Arabic language dictionary, to see how the original meaning and nuances of the SL based original version of the biography Then to put context into the analysis, the researcher will cite history books on Arabia to verify the authenticity of particular historical instances mentioned in the book. The researcher thinks that a combined use of textual and historical analysis will help elucidate details on the accuracy of Diabs translation.ScopeWhile other interested researchers may find a whole range of translation issues in analyzing The Sealed Nectar, this writer intends to focus more on the accuracy of translating sensitive terms in the translation work. This is because these terms are loaded with religious meanings, which make these terms more challenging to translate as compared to other terms. In addition, the languages used have different nuances (Arabic as against modern English) which entails additional challenges in ensuring that the meanings of the terms do not get lost in translation.Tentative Outline of Paper Within an allotted timeframe of a minimum of three years, this writer proposes an outline of the papers bodyChapter One Linguistic analysis of sensitive terms in translation 6 -12 monthsChapter Two Cultural, historical, and rhetorical aspects of the translation 6-12 monthsChapter Three Evaluating the translation 3-6 monthsChapter Four Summary, implications and recommendations 3-6 monthsThe writer intends to use the Sealed Nectar and the tools mentioned above in the first two years of the study. While he may formulate preliminary findings in the course of the study, the researcher intends to finalize them in the last year of the study through evaluation and formulation of summary findings and recommendations. The researcher takes note that accomplishing these aims may overlap depending on the availability of resources and the rate of research/analysis work.BooksNida, E, and Taber C. The Theory and Practice of Translation. Boston Brill, 2003.pp. 56- 90Chapters in BooksCatford, J.C.. Translation Shifts. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London Routledge, 2000. 141-147Toury, Gideon. Nature and Role of Norms in Translation. (orig. 1978, rev. 1995) The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London R outledge, 2000. 198-211WebsitesAr Raheeq Al Maktoom. University of Arkansas. July 28,2009 Translation Equivalence. Hoang. October 19 2008. July 28, 2009 .Elimam. University of Manchester. July 28, 2009 .Abdul Fattah. University of Manchester. July 28, 2009 Glossary. Summer Institute of Linguistics. July 28, 2009 .

Anna Pavlova And The Dying Swan Drama Essay

Anna Pavlova And The demise divagate Drama EssayA couple years ago I used to think that concert dance was boring. I did non recognize concert dance as an art and did not recognize its classical and in advance(p) types. Dances like hip-hop, samba, rumba, cha-cha, tango, and disco appealed to me to a enormouser extent. Once I tried b allet myself in the U.S., I realized that most of the great professional dancers learned concert dance for a lengthy amount of cartridge holder. I intractable to take concert dance classes and by and by a year I realized that ballet brings me indescribable comfort and appeasement. I became interested in learning more about ballet itself and its noteworthy dancers. champion of such a dancer was Anna Pavlova, whose life bill I am determined to tell. It is important to note Anna Pavlovas childhood and primaeval ballet public life in Russia, her debut in The Dying Swan, exile to Europe, executeances around the arena, marri mature, and death. Childhood and early careerAnna Pavlova was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on a cold winter day of February 12, 1881. According to a invigorated York Times article, when Anna was eight years old, her mother took her to a performance of The dormancy Beauty. There, Anna experienced an epiphany, a baptism by ballet. From that day she knew, ballet was her future. At the age of ten, Anna Pavlova was admitted to the Imperial check of concert dance. Shortly later her acceptance to the Imperial shallow of Ballet, the exceptional gift of dancing was noticed in Anna Pavlova (Kent, 1996). At that condemnation ballet was considered a court luxury and was adept of the favorite entertainments of the after-hours tsar. He would often visit the enlighten to admire the little dancers, public lecture to them and sometimes telling jokes (Anna Pavlova Dies,1996).In 1902 after her graduation from the Imperial direct of Ballet, Anna Pavlova joined the Maryinsky Theater as a second soloist, and i n the avocation year was promoted to a first soloist (The Leg revokeary, n.d.). Alexander Pleshcheyev, an author of the book Our Ballet where he studied Petersburg Imperial Ballet Company, wrote about Anna PavlovaI disavow the frail, slender, tall and lithe figure of a young, shy girl, with confused, deep eyes, in a dress of cornflower blue with a white pelerine and disconsolate pinafore -on holidays a white pinafore but always with a quite starched skirt for magnificence . .. This was the student of the Imperial Theater naturalise in Petersburg Anya . . . Annushka (as her friends called her) Pavlova, whose appearance was awaited on the stage of the Maryinsky Theater, where she was known on affiches as Pavlova II Timid, trembling, lovely, like a wildflower, Pavlova II as a dancer just beginning subdued the public with her grace and tenderness. One sensed no physical exertion in her, and in those days, after the triumph on the Russian stage of Italian good subtleties, each ar tist who appeared on stage was evaluated above all on technical abilities.Anna Pavlova had a favorite teacher and a mentor that was Enrico Cecchetti, an Italian dancer and a teacher who immigrated to St. Petersburg in his early age. Cecchetti taught at the Imperial School of Ballet from 1887 to 1902. In 1905 he established a school in St. Petersburg where he coached Anna Pavlova exclusively from 1907 to 1909 (Cecchetti, the teacher, n.d.). With Cecchettis help, Anna Pavlova was promoted to ballerina in 1905, and prima ballerina in 1906 (The Legendary, n.d.).The Dying SwanIn 1905 Anna Pavlova, already a prominent ballerina, sure an offer from a choreographer Michael Fokine to take the leading part in the ballet The Dying Swan to music by Saint-Saens. Later The Dying Swan became her signature solo performance and a swan symbolized with her as a personal emblem (Kent, 1996). The author, Allegra Kent, in her article argued that a char imitating a swan is an absurd idea since the body parts do not match and the bird can be graceful only when it swims. The dingy and webbed swans feet, with its shaky movements do not resemble the graceful and aesthetic motions of Anna Pavlova during The Dying Swan. Kent wrote that The Dying Swan was not about a woman impersonating a swan, instead it was about the fragility of life and the passion human race possess to hold on to it.Emigration to Europe and travelsIn 1907 Anna Pavlovas performances were seen contradictory and in 1909 she danced in Diaghilevs famous first Russian season in Paris, France where Pavlova danced with Vaslav Nijinsky (Kent, 1996). Since then, Anna was honored to dance before Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, King Alfonso of Spain, Emperor Wilhelm of Ger many a(prenominal), and the queen of the Belgium (Anna Pavlova Dies 1996).In 1910 upon Anna Pavlovas return to Russia from her first American tour she was summoned to the royal recession by the late Czar Nicholas to congratulate her. In one of the chro nicles Anna Pavlova quoted the Czar telling her I so much regret that despite all I hear about your wonderful swan dance I have never seen it. Yet I am called one of the supreme monarchs(Anna Pavlova Dies, 1996).Anna performed throughout marriage and South America during the days of World war I. Her passion to dance and travel eventually brought Anna to Japan and India. In 1927 Anna went on another tour to the Scandinavian capitals, where King Christian presented her with a specious medal after seeing her performance in Copenhagen (Anna Pavlova Dies,1996). Circling around the world with her company, Anna Pavlova covered 350 000 miles and hence was named the most traveled of all artists at that time (Anna Pavlova Dies, 1996).As time passed from her first debut Anna Pavlovas repertoire grew and was influenced by foreign cultures and new styles of dance. Such influences were new choreographies and changes in classical ballet proficiency for example the changes brought by Isadora Du ncan, a rebel-dancer who initiated the creation of modern dance. However, Anna remained a more conservative classical dancer in her companys repertoire she kept ballet classics as Giselle and Sleeping Beauty. Anna had two popular signature pieces in her career they were Bacchanale and The Swan (The Legendary,n.d.).Her Private Life and MarriageIn 1912 Anna Pavlova bought an costly house in London, which bore the name Ivy House, where on that point was a pond and a garden. Since the dancer was fascinated by feathers and was fond of honoring birds, Anna decided to have pet swans in her pool. Watching them, she believed, helped her to improve the supremacy of her swan dance (Kent, 1996).During her last American tour in 1924-1925, Anna Pavlova denote her marriage with Victore dAndre, her accompanist. She commented on her marriage the following way For an artist there is no husband. Pavlova the artist and Pavlova the wife, they are two genuinely different persons, so I keep them sep arate. My dancing belongs to the world, but my husband to myself (Anna Pavlova Dies,1996).Soviet RussiaDuring the Soviet time, Anna Pavlova was helping dancers in Soviet Russia by sending them financial aid. For 10 years Anna had been supporting dancers in London and Marianski Theater of Ballet in Leningrad by sending them an annual financial aid of $500. In 1929 this data became known to the Bolsheviks. The small unofficial committee of three that managed the funds from Anna Pavlova was reprimanded for accept aid from the emigrant dancer, a darling of wicked capitalist audiences in Europe and America (Anna Pavlova Dies, 1996).DeathAnna Pavlovas death came suddenly. It was January 1931 when Anna took a three week spend at Christmas to spend time with her family. At the end of her vacation Anna took a train to return to her work at the Hague. There was an hazard that happened on the way, so Annas train had to stop. Curious of what happened, Anna Pavlova wearing a lighten up coat on top of silk pajamas stepped off the train into the snow. Shortly thereafter, Anna came vote down with double pneumonia (Kent, 1996). Two Dutch physicians and her own Russian doctor, Professor Valerski, fought to save up the life of a great ballet dancer. The doctors performed an emergency operation to revoke excess fluid from Anna Pavlovas lungs. After the operation, the dancer was treated with Pasteur vaccine barely it was too late to cure Anna. Anna Pavlova died at 1230 in the morning on January 23rd, 1931 (Anna Pavlova Dies,1996). As Anna Pavlova was dying her last wish was to shit her swan costume. The following evening when her company performed The Dying Swan, when it was Annas part, the curtain heart-to-heart to an empty stage.ConclusionIn conclusion, Anna Pavlova the Russian ballet legend, from a very young age was almost destined to be a great dancer. When she was a very small girl she took an interest to ballet. At a very young age Anna was accepted to the presti gious imperial school of ballet. After being accepted to the imperial school of ballet, Anna quickly showed nonnatural skill at the art of dance. Anna quickly reached the rank of ballerina and one year later to prima ballerina. As a ballerina, Anna was offered the chance to perform The Dying Swan with the choreographer Michael Fokine. In 1909, Anna Pavlova began performing abroad and travelled to many parts of the world performing in front of emperors, kings, queens, and Czars. Everywhere Pavlova went she was complemented by the noble elite she met. During the First World War, Anna performed her renowned plays in North and South America. Anna Pavlova was a highly classical dancer and stuck to the ideals of classical ballet even after the advent of modern dance. Later in 1912, Anna decided to buy an expensive house in London named Ivy House. Anna was so absorbed by swans that she had a few pet swans at her home. However, Anna Pavlova was not only a great dancer, she was a philanthro pist, she donated money to the Marianski school of theater of operations in Leningrad. She sent financial aid to students of dance like herself buns in Russia. At the time of Anna Pavlovas death, she was known from America to Asia and not hardly famous, but infamous. She was a great dancer with a tragic end of life story. She was best known for her dance The Dying Swan, where she imitated the swans movements more gracefully than any other dancer of her time. Although Anna Pavlova was honored to meet many famous people, all the people she met greeted her as a legendary dancer.

The Impact of Occupational Segregation on Working Conditions

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The Compass of Pleasure by David J. Linden | Review

The arrive at of joyfulness by David J. caustic lime ReviewThe Compass of amusementOmobolanle AjoseHumans have a complicated relationship to diversion which we cast a con facial expressionrable amount of time pursuing. Certain forms of joyousness such as rituals involving prayer, music, dance, and meditation argon accorded special status. Intrinsic amusements that weed be initiated or increased by artificial activators like cocaine, heroin, or venial doses of nicotine or alcohol, are located in our whizs transmitting a pleasure buzz from a wide variety of experiences.I chose the record obtain, The Compass of Pleasure because neuroscientist David J. Linden the author, explored the dark side of pleasure. He explained how the human judgement roll in the hay turn pleasures into habituations and habits so overpowering and pervasive that people go forth sacrifice al close to anything just to get a fix. This kind of demeanor makes us wonder why anyone would ruin their h ealth, neglect their family, and spend themselves into poorness all in pursuit of an colony. Linden says it all comes down to a single neuro-chemical dopamine.The terms I learned while reading this book includesStoic, meaning ability to endure pain or hardship without show feelings or complaints.Painasymbolia, also called pain dissociation which is a condition in which pain is letd without unpleasantness.Ventral tegmental area (VTA), which is a collection of neurons situated at the center of themidbrain that sends dopamine releasing axons to other regions of the brain such as the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, dorsal striatum and hippocampus.Neuroleptics, meaning dopamine receptor antagonists.Linden (2011), describes most experiences in our lives that we find as transcendent, whether illicit vices, socially sanction ritual or social practices as meditative prayer to spark an anatomically and biochemically be pleasure circuit in the brain. He used past research studies as references.Two postdoctoral fellows at McGill University conducted experiments that manifold implanting electrodes in the brains of rats to oxygenise their pleasure circuits. The electrodes were placed in positions that stimulated the median forebrain bundle, the axons that excite the dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The electrode locations that produced the strongest pleasure were those that most effectively activated the dopamine neurons of the VTA.Another experimental design from the book focused on the stimulation of the brain of a homosexual psychiatric patient using surgically implanted electrodes. Before the patients brain stimulation, he was made to view a film that featured sexual relation between a male and a female. He was sexually negligent and angry about being made to view the film. After the pleasure circuit self- stimulation, he agreed to view the film again during which he became sexually aroused, had an erection and masturbated to orgasm . After he was discharged from the hospital, he had a sexual relationship with a woman for several months. During this period, his homosexual occupation was reduced but did not stop completely.In humans, rats, and other mammals, the retaliate circuit is interwoven with brain centers involved in decision making, think, sensation and memory storage. When we find an experience pleasurable, it sets in motion several processes such as liking the experience and we associate both external and receiveledgeable cues with the experience. These associations allow us to predict how we should behave to repeat or position a value to pleasurable experience so that in future tense we after part determine how much effort we are willing to overstate and the risk we are willing to take to get them.Linden (2011) defined addiction as persistent, compulsive drug use in the grammatical construction of increasingly negative life consequences. He explained that the scientific definition of addicti on is actually rooted in the brainsinabilityto experience pleasure and that the dark side of pleasure is addiction. Addiction is associated with long-lasting changes in the biochemical, electrical, and morphological obligations of connections within the median forebrain pleasure circuit. These changes underlie numerous of the dark sides of addiction, including progressive tolerance, craving, withdrawal and relapse. Therefore, pleasure, addiction and memory are closely related, and directly interconnected.Psychoactive drugs quite a little be used in different social contexts as medicine, phantasmal sacrament, pure recreation, or to define oneself as part of a subgroup. across cultures and over thousands of years of human history, people have consistently anchor ways to alter the function of their brains. Psychoactive drugs like cocaine, alcohol, and opiates strongly activate dopamine action in VTA target regions. Pleasure is central to whatsoever but not all psychoactive dru gs.Certain foods and certain drugs can activate the pleasure circuits. While obesity results from food addiction, food addiction shares umteen properties and biological substrates with drug addiction, including a strong heritable dowry and triggering by stress.Orgasm is another pleasure buzz that may be weaker than cocaine but stronger than food. ( Cite page here) It is a multifaceted experience with dissociable sensory and affective, emotional, and rewarding components. It is fiery, transcendent and unique. Orgasm strongly activates the dopamine-using medial forebrain pleasure circuit. Drugs that modulate dopamine signaling in the brain can regulate libido and orgasm. Epileptic seizures or brain stimulation with electrodes can produce orgasms that are devoid of pleasure or emotional feeling. free rein addiction is associated with reduced activation of the medial forebrain pleasure circuit. patrimonial variants that suppress dopamine signaling, particularly in the medial forebrai n, are associated with gamey rate of gambling addiction. For people who carry these gene variants, their muted dopamine systems lead to blunted pleasure circuits, which in turn affects their pleasure- testing activities.Intensive turn can bring about short term euphoria, reduction of anxiety, and increases in pain threshold. Long term painful stimulus is associated with increased dopamine. Interestingly, kind-hearted giving produces an activation of the pleasure circuit. The interaction of pleasure and associative skill in the medial forebrain pleasure circuit yields both adept and detrimental rewards. The ability of experience to produce long-term changes in the pleasure circuit enables arbitrary rewards and abstract ideas to be felt as pleasurable, a phenomenon that ultimately underlies much of human behavior and culture. This same process is answerable for transforming pleasure into addiction.Reading the compass of pleasure gives an insight on the function of the neurotrans mitter dopamine in the brain and how the dopamine systems in the brain pretend an important role in pleasure seeking and addictive behaviors. I also learned that dopamine is responsible for most of our immoral behaviors and hidden cravings. It is responsible for love, lust, adultery, motivation, attention, and addiction. The denial of pleasure can yield spiritual growth.In practice, one can see beyond a persons behavior, personal history, and environs to understand what goes on in the brain when uncontrollable habits such as addiction present themselves. fellow feeling the interaction between the pleasure circuits and dopamine in the brain help us as health criminal maintenance professionals to understand that addicts are not weak, defective human beings lacking in willpower but are rather people with brains that are chemically deficient. harmonise to Lundy-Ekman (2013, p.239), Parkinsons disease is the death of dopamine producing cells in the sustantia nigra. Occupational ther apy emends mobility and useful status in people with Parkinsons disease. Intense resistance training produces great muscle hypertrophy and functional gains than are produced by standard exercise.According to Linden (2011, p. 127), there are variations in genes turning down the functions of dopamine signaling within the pleasure circuit. These variations in genes let people seek pleasure through different activities. These activities may be meaningful to a client while others may be addictions they may want to stop. Understanding the biology of pleasure circuits may help clinicians such as occupational healer better understand what an individual deems meaningful or pleasurable. Knowledge of forms of pleasure such as rituals, routines , music, dance and even meditations that are of meaningful to a client obtained during an occupational profile, helps therapist in planning interventions for clients. On the other hand, the therapist can also help frame therapeutic interventions to help with addictions.Linden (2011, p.150), further explained that exercises has an anti-depressive effect, shows long term good in mental functions and slows cognitive decline that accompanies normal aging. Occupational therapists endure with a variety of population and this piece of information makes it interesting to know that range of motion exercises and other forms of exercises provided during therapy may be able to improve mental functions and slow cognitive decline in normal aging.dopamine and serotonin are important neurotransmitters in the brain that influence many behaviors and movement patterns such as walking and coordination. Dopamine levels are associated with many neurological conditions such as Parkinsons disease, psychosis and even attention deficits active disorders. Too much or too little dopamine can interfere with cognition, behavior, or motor skills. In practice, occupational therapists work with clients with discordant neurological conditions by evaluating and analyzing the client, the environment and their meaningful occupational performance. Having insight into a clients deficits and its effect on occupational performance is important to therapist because it helps the therapist to be able to plan and provide therapeutic interventions aimed at alter cognition, coordination, mobility and functional status in clients.ReferencesLundy-Ekman, L. (2013). Neuroscience Fundamentals for Rehabilitation. St. Louis, Mo Saunders/ Elsevier Inc.Linden, D. J. (2011). The Compass of Pleasure How our Brains make Fatty Foods, Orgasm, Exercise, Marijuana, Generosity, Vodka, learning, and Gambling Feel so Good. New York, NY Penguin collection Inc.Sturkenboom, I., Thijssen, M., Gons-van, J. E., Jansen, I. (2011). Guidelines for Occupational Therapy in Parkinsons Disease. Retrieved July 14, 2014, from National Parkinson Foundation http//www.parkinson.org/NationalParkinsonFoundation/files/a5/a5c7ef92-a101-4485-96b2-7d81b31a42c9.pdf